Best Practice & Research Clinical Rheumatology
Volume 24, Issue 2 , Pages 267-279 , April 2010

Prevention and management of chronic back pain

References 

  1. Dagenais S, Caro J, Haldeman S. A systematic review of low back pain cost of illness studies in the United States and internationally. Spine J. Jan–Feb 2008;8(1):8–20
  2. Deyo RA, Weinstein JN. Low back pain. N Engl J Med. Feb 1 2001;344(5):363–370
  3. Bigos SJ, Bowyer O, Braen G. Acute low back problems in adults, clinical practice guideline, No. 14. Vol AHCPR Pub 95-0642. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Health Care Policy and Research; 1994;
  4. Koes BW, van Tulder MW, Ostelo R, Kim Burton A, Waddell G. Clinical guidelines for the management of low back pain in primary care: an international comparison. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). Nov 15 2001;26(22):2504–2513discussion 2513–2504
  5. Balague F, Borenstein DG. How to recognize and treat specific low back pain?. Baillieres Clin Rheumatol. Feb 1998;12(1):37–73
  6. Von Korff M, Crane P, Lane M, Miglioretti DL, Simon G, Saunders K, et al. Chronic spinal pain and physical-mental comorbidity in the United States: results from the national comorbidity survey replication. Pain. Feb 2005;113(3):331–339
  7. Abenhaim L, Rossignol M, Gobeille D, Bonvalot Y, Fines P, Scott S. The prognostic consequences in the making of the initial medical diagnosis of work-related back injuries. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). Apr 1 1995;20(7):791–795
  8. Boos N, Semmer N, Elfering A, Schade V, Gal I, Zanetti M, et al. Natural history of individuals with asymptomatic disc abnormalities in magnetic resonance imaging: predictors of low back pain-related medical consultation and work incapacity. Spine (Phila Pa 1976. Jun 15 2000;25(12):1484–1492
  9. Nachemson A, Jonsson E. Neck and back pain: the scientific evidence of causes, diagnosis, and treatment. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2000;
  10. Hancock MJ, Maher CG, Latimer J, Herbert RD, McAuley JH. Can rate of recovery be predicted in patients with acute low back pain? development of a clinical prediction rule. Eur J Pain. Jan 2009;13(1):51–55
  11. Henschke N, Maher CG, Refshauge KM, Herbert RD, Cumming RG, Bleasel J, et al. Prognosis in patients with recent onset low back pain in Australian primary care: inception cohort study. Bmj. 2008;337:a171
  12. Carey TS, Garrett JM, Jackman A, Hadler N. Recurrence and care seeking after acute back pain: results of a long-term follow-up study. north carolina back pain project. Med Care. Feb 1999;37(2):157–164
  13. Campello MA, Weiser SR, Nordin M, Hiebert R. Work retention and nonspecific low back pain. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). Jul 15 2006;31(16):1850–1857
  14. Vingard E, Mortimer M, Wiktorin C, Pernold RPTG, Fredriksson K, Nemeth G, et al. Seeking care for low back pain in the general population: a two-year follow-up study: results from the MUSIC-Norrtalje Study. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). Oct 1 2002;27(19):2159–2165
  15. de Vet HC, Heymans MW, Dunn KM, Pope DP, van der Beek AJ, Macfarlane GJ, et al. Episodes of low back pain: a proposal for uniform definitions to be used in research. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). Nov 1 2002;27(21):2409–2416
  16. Nordin MN, Skovron ML, Hiebert R, Weiser S, Brisson PM, Campello M, et al. Early Predictors of Delayed Return to Work in Patients with Low Back Pain. Journal of Musculoskeletal Disorders. 1997;5(2):5–27
  17. Boardman HF, Thomas E, Millson DS, Croft PR. One-year follow-up of headache in an adult general population. Headache. Apr 2005;45(4):337–345
  18. Meijer EM, Sluiter JK, Frings-Dresen MH. Evaluation of effective return-to-work treatment programs for sick-listed patients with non-specific musculoskeletal complaints: a systematic review. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. Aug 2005;78(7):523–532
  19. Palmer KT. Regional musculoskeletal conditions: pain in the forearm, wrist and hand. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. Feb 2003;17(1):113–135
  20. van der Waal JM, Bot SD, Terwee CB, van der Windt DA, Bouter LM, Dekker J. Determinants of the clinical course of musculoskeletal complaints in general practice: design of a cohort study. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. Feb 24 2003;4:3
  21. Weiser S, Rossignol M. Triage for nonspecific lower-back pain. Clin Orthop Relat Res. Feb 2006;443:147–155
  22. Haldorsen EM, Grasdal AL, Skouen JS, Risa AE, Kronholm K, Ursin H. Is there a right treatment for a particular patient group? Comparison of ordinary treatment, light multidisciplinary treatment, and extensive multidisciplinary treatment for long-term sick-listed employees with musculoskeletal pain. Pain. 2002 Jan;95(1–2):49–63
  23. Teasell RW, Bombardier C. Employment-related factors in chronic pain and chronic pain disability. Clin J Pain. Dec 2001;17(4 Suppl.):S39–S45
  24. Kendall N, Burton A, Main C, Watson P. Think-Tank obotf. tackling musculoskeletal problems: a guide for clinic and workplace - identifying obstacles using the psychosocial flags framework. London: The Stationary Office; 2009;
  25. A guide to assessing psychosocial yellow flags in acute low back pain 2003.
  26. Chou R, Qaseem A, Snow V, Casey D, Cross JT, Shekelle P, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of low back pain: a joint clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians and the American Pain Society. Ann Intern Med. Oct 2 2007;147(7):478–491
  27. van Tulder M, Becker A, Bekkering T, Breen A, del Real MT, Hutchinson A, et al. Chapter 3. European guidelines for the management of acute nonspecific low back pain in primary care. Eur Spine J. Mar 2006;2(15 Suppl.):S169–S191
  28. Waddell G. The Back Pain Revolution. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone; 1998;
  29. Myers SS, Phillips RS, Davis RB, Cherkin DC, Legedza A, Kaptchuk TJ, et al. Patient expectations as predictors of outcome in patients with acute low back pain. J Gen Intern Med. Feb 2008;23(2):148–153
  30. Wynne-Jones G, Buck R, Varnava A, Phillips C, Main CJ. Impacts on work absence and performance: what really matters?. Occup Med (Lond). Sep 16 2009;
  31. Sinnott P, Wagner TH. Low back pain in VA users. Arch Intern Med. Jul 27 2009;169(14):1338–1339author reply 1339
  32. Shaw WS, van der Windt DA, Main CJ, Loisel P, Linton SJ. Early patient screening and intervention to address individual-level occupational factors (“blue flags”) in back disability. J Occup Rehabil. Mar 2009;19(1):64–80
  33. Kuijer W, Groothoff JW, Brouwer S, Geertzen JH, Dijkstra PU. Prediction of sickness absence in patients with chronic low back pain: a systematic review. J Occup Rehabil. Sep 2006;16(3):439–467
  34. Fritz JM, George SZ. Identifying psychosocial variables in patients with acute work-related low back pain: the importance of fear-avoidance beliefs. Phys Ther. Oct 2002;82(10):973–983
  35. Elfering A, Mannion AF, Jacobshagen N, Tamcan O, Muller U. Beliefs about back pain predict the recovery rate over 52 consecutive weeks. Scand J Work Environ Health. Nov 2009;35(6):437–445
  36. Gross DP, Battie MC. Predicting timely recovery and recurrence following multidisciplinary rehabilitation in patients with compensated low back pain. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). Jan 15 2005;30(2):235–240
  37. Costa Lda C, Maher CG, McAuley JH, Hancock MJ, Herbert RD, Refshauge KM, et al. Prognosis for patients with chronic low back pain: inception cohort study. Bmj. 2009;339:b3829
  38. Butterfield PG, Spencer PS, Redmond N, Feldstein A, Perrin N. Low back pain: predictors of absenteeism, residual symptoms, functional impairment, and medical costs in Oregon workers' compensation recipients. Am J Ind Med. Dec 1998;34(6):559–567
  39. Bernacki EJ, Tsai SP. Ten years' experience using an integrated workers' compensation management system to control workers' compensation costs. J Occup Environ Med. May 2003;45(5):508–516
  40. Anema JR, Steenstra IA, Bongers PM, de Vet HC, Knol DL, Loisel P, et al. Multidisciplinary rehabilitation for subacute low back pain: graded activity or workplace intervention or both? A randomized controlled trial. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). Feb 1 2007;32(3):291–298discussion 299–300
  41. Loisel P, Abenhaim L, Durand P, Esdaile JM, Suissa S, Gosselin L, et al. A population-based, randomized clinical trial on back pain management. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). Dec 15 1997;22(24):2911–2918
  42. Nordin M, Skovron ML, Hiebert R, Weiser S, Brisson PM, Campello M, et al. Early predictors of outcome. Bull Hosp Jt Dis. 1996;55(4):204–206
  43. Nyman T, Grooten WJ, Wiktorin C, Liwing J, Norrman L. Sickness absence and concurrent low back and neck-shoulder pain: results from the music-norrtalje study. Eur Spine J. May 2007;16(5):631–638
  44. Fanuele JC, Abdu WA, Hanscom B, Weinstein JN. Association between obesity and functional status in patients with spine disease. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). Feb 1 2002;27(3):306–312
  45. Butchart A, Kerr EA, Heisler M, Piette JD, Krein SL. Experience and management of chronic pain among patients with other complex chronic conditions. Clin J Pain. May 2009;25(4):293–298
  46. Wood P. The basis of rheumatological pratice, including nomenclature and classification. In:  Scott JT editors. Copeman's Textbook of Rheumatic Diseases. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone; 1986;
  47. Cedraschi C, Allaz AF. How to identify patients with a poor prognosis in daily clinical practice. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. Aug 2005;19(4):577–591
  48. Hasenbring M, Hallner D, Klasen B. [Psychological mechanisms in the transition from acute to chronic pain: over- or underrated?]. Schmerz. Dec 2001;15(6):442–447
  49. Waddell G. Chiropractic for low back pain. Evidence for manipulation is stronger than that for most orthodox medical treatments. Bmj. Jan 23 1999;318(7178):262
  50. Vlaeyen JW, Linton SJ. Fear-avoidance and its consequences in chronic musculoskeletal pain: a state of the art. Pain. Apr 2000;85(3):317–332
  51. Nordin M, Balague F, Cedraschi C. Nonspecific lower-back pain: surgical versus nonsurgical treatment. Clin Orthop Relat Res. Feb 2006;443:156–167
  52. Kendall NA. Psychosocial approaches to the prevention of chronic pain: the low back paradigm. Baillieres Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. Sep 1999;13(3):545–554
  53. Iles RA, Davidson M, Taylor NF, O'Halloran P. Systematic review of the ability of recovery expectations to predict outcomes in non-chronic non-specific low back pain. J Occup Rehabil. Mar 2009;19(1):25–40
  54. Goubert L, Crombez G, De Bourdeaudhuij I. Low back pain, disability and back pain myths in a community sample: prevalence and interrelationships. Eur J Pain. Aug 2004;8(4):385–394
  55. Corbett M, Foster N, Ong BN. GP attitudes and self-reported behaviour in primary care consultations for low back pain. Fam Pract. Oct 2009;26(5):359–364
  56. McGuirk B, King W, Govind J, Lowry J, Bogduk N. Safety, efficacy, and cost effectiveness of evidence-based guidelines for the management of acute low back pain in primary care. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). Dec 1 2001;26(23):2615–2622
  57. Verbeek J, Sengers MJ, Riemens L, Haafkens J. Patient expectations of treatment for back pain: a systematic review of qualitative and quantitative studies. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). Oct 15 2004;29(20):2309–2318
  58. Weinstein JN. Partnership: doctor and patient: advocacy for informed choice vs informed consent. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). Feb 1 2005;30(3):269–272
  59. Hegmann KT, Glass LS. Occupational medicine practice guidelines: evaluation and management of common health problems and function recovery in workers. In:  Village Elk Grove editors. Illinois: American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 2nd ed. 2008;
  60. Risdon A, Eccleston C, Crombez G, McCracken L. How can we learn to live with pain? a q-methodological analysis of the diverse understandings of acceptance of chronic pain. Soc Sci Med. Jan 2003;56(2):375–386
  61. BarrattEvidence Based Medicine A, Decision Shared. Making: the challenge of getting both evidence and preferences into health care. Patient Educ Couns. Dec 2008;73(3):407–412
  62. Loh A, Simon D, Wills CE, Kriston L, Niebling W, Harter M. The effects of a shared decision-making intervention in primary care of depression: a cluster-randomized controlled trial. Patient Educ Couns. Aug 2007;67(3):324–332
  63. Weinstein JN, Clay K, Morgan TS. Informed patient choice: patient-centered valuing of surgical risks and benefits. Health Aff (Millwood). May–Jun 2007;26(3):726–730
  64. Azoulay L, Ehrmann-Feldman D, Truchon M, Rossignol M. Effects of patient–clinician disagreement in occupational low back pain: a pilot study. Disabil Rehabil. Jul 22 2005;27(14):817–823
  65. Robinson A, Thomson R. Variability in patient preferences for participating in medical decision making: implication for the use of decision support tools. Qual Health Care. Sep 2001;10(Suppl. 1):i34–i38
  66. van Tulder MW, Ostelo R, Vlaeyen JW, Linton SJ, Morley SJ, Assendelft WJ. Behavioral treatment for chronic low back pain: a systematic review within the framework of the cochrane back review group. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). Oct 15 2000;25(20):2688–2699
  67. Abenhaim L, Rossignol M, Valat JP, Nordin M, Avouac B, Blotman F, et al. The role of activity in the therapeutic management of back pain. Report of the International Paris Task Force on Back Pain. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). Feb 15 2000;25(4 Suppl.):1S–33S
  68. Nordin M, Welser S, Campello MA, Pietrek M. Self-care techniques for acute episodes of low back pain. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. Jan 2002;16(1):89–104
  69. Burton AK, Waddell G, Tillotson KM, Summerton N. Information and advice to patients with back pain can have a positive effect. A randomized controlled trial of a novel educational booklet in primary care. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). Dec 1 1999;24(23):2484–2491
  70. Hazard RG, Reid S, Haugh LD, McFarlane G. A controlled trial of an educational pamphlet to prevent disability after occupational low back injury. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). Jun 1 2000;25(11):1419–1423
  71. Roberts L, Little P, Chapman J, Cantrell T, Pickering R, Langridge J. The back home trial: general practitioner-supported leaflets may change back pain behavior. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). Sep 1 2002;27(17):1821–1828
  72. Engers A, Jellema P, Wensing M, van der Windt DA, Grol R, van Tulder MW. Individual patient education for low back pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008;1:CD004057
  73. Liddle SD, Gracey JH, Baxter GD. Advice for the management of low back pain: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials. Man Ther. Nov 2007;12(4):310–327
  74. Karjalainen K, Malmivaara A, Mutanen P, Roine R, Hurri H, Pohjolainen T. Mini-intervention for subacute low back pain: two-year follow-up and modifiers of effectiveness. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). May 15 2004;29(10):1069–1076
  75. Ribeiro LH, Jennings F, Jones A, Furtado R, Natour J. Effectiveness of a back school program in low back pain. Clin Exp Rheumatol. Jan–Feb 2008;26(1):81–88
  76. Roelofs PD, Deyo RA, Koes BW, Scholten RJ, van Tulder MW. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for low back pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008;1:CD000396
  77. Kroenke K, Krebs EE, Bair MJ. Pharmacotherapy of chronic pain: a synthesis of recommendations from systematic reviews. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. May–Jun 2009;31(3):206–219
  78. Chou R, Huffman LH. Medications for acute and chronic low back pain: a review of the evidence for an American Pain Society/American College of Physicians Clinical Practice Guideline. Ann Intern Med. Oct 2 2007;147(7):505–514
  79. Webster BS, Verma SK, Gatchel RJ. Relationship between early opioid prescribing for acute occupational low back pain and disability duration, medical costs, subsequent surgery and late opioid use. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). Sep 1 2007;32(19):2127–2132
  80. Deshpande A, Furlan A, Mailis-Gagnon A, Atlas S, Turk D. Opioids for chronic low-back pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;3:CD004959
  81. Martell BA, O'Connor PG, Kerns RD, Becker WC, Morales KH, Kosten TR, et al. Systematic review: opioid treatment for chronic back pain: prevalence, efficacy, and association with addiction. Ann Intern Med. Jan 16 2007;146(2):116–127
  82. Chou R, Atlas SJ, Stanos SP, Rosenquist RW. Nonsurgical interventional therapies for low back pain: a review of the evidence for an American Pain Society clinical practice guideline. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). May 1 2009;34(10):1078–1093
  83. Lawrence DJ, Meeker W, Branson R, Bronfort G, Cates JR, Haas M, et al. Chiropractic management of low back pain and low back-related leg complaints: a literature synthesis. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. Nov–Dec 2008;31(9):659–674
  84. Krismer M, van Tulder M. Strategies for prevention and management of musculoskeletal conditions. Low back pain (non-specific). Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. Feb 2007;21(1):77–91
  85. Tekur P, Singphow C, Nagendra HR, Raghuram N. Effect of short-term intensive yoga program on pain, functional disability and spinal flexibility in chronic low back pain: a randomized control study. J Altern Complement Med. Jul 2008;14(6):637–644
  86. Waller B, Lambeck J, Daly D. Therapeutic aquatic exercise in the treatment of low back pain: a systematic review. Clin Rehabil. Jan 2009;23(1):3–14
  87. Williams K, Abildso C, Steinberg L, Doyle E, Epstein B, Smith D, et al. Evaluation of the effectiveness and efficacy of iyengar yoga therapy on chronic low back pain. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). Sep 1 2009;34(19):2066–2076
  88. Main CJ, Spanswick C. Pain management and interdisciplinary approach. Endinburgh: Chruchill Livingstone; 2000;
  89. van Tulder MW, Koes B, Malmivaara A. Outcome of non-invasive treatment modalities on back pain: an evidence-based review. Eur Spine J. Jan 2006;15(Suppl. 1):S64–S81
  90. van Tulder M, Koes B. Low back pain (chronic). Clin Evid. Dec 2004;12:1659–1684
  91. Brox JI, Storheim K, Grotle M, Tveito TH, Indahl A, Eriksen HR. Systematic review of back schools, brief education, and fear-avoidance training for chronic low back pain. Spine J. Nov-Dec 2008;8(6):948–958
  92. Leon L, Jover JA, Candelas G, Lajas C, Vadillo C, Blanco M, et al. Effectiveness of an early cognitive-behavioral treatment in patients with work disability due to musculoskeletal disorders. Arthritis Rheum. Jul 15 2009;61(7):996–1003
  93. Carey TS, Freburger JK, Holmes GM, Castel L, Darter J, Agans R, et al. A long way to go: practice patterns and evidence in chronic low back pain care. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). Apr 1 2009;34(7):718–724
  94. Lambeek LC, Anema JR, van Royen BJ, Buijs PC, Wuisman PI, van Tulder MW, et al. Multidisciplinary outpatient care program for patients with chronic low back pain: design of a randomized controlled trial and cost-effectiveness study [ISRCTN28478651]. BMC Public Health. 2007;7:254
  95. Schiltenwolf M, Buchner M, Heindl B, von Reumont J, Muller A, Eich W. Comparison of a biopsychosocial therapy (BT) with a conventional biomedical therapy (MT) of subacute low back pain in the first episode of sick leave: a randomized controlled trial. Eur Spine J. Jul 2006;15(7):1083–1092
  96. Scascighini L, Toma V, Dober-Spielmann S, Sprott H. Multidisciplinary treatment for chronic pain: a systematic review of interventions and outcomes. Rheumatology (Oxford). May 2008;47(5):670–678
  97. Norlund A, Ropponen A, Alexanderson K. Multidisciplinary interventions: review of studies of return to work after rehabilitation for low back pain. J Rehabil Med. Feb 2009;41(3):115–121
  98. Brox JI, Nygaard O, Holm I, Keller A, Ingebrigtsen T, Reikeras O. Four-year follow-up of surgical versus non-surgical therapy for chronic low back pain. Ann Rheum Dis. Jul 26 2009;
  99. Brox JI, Reikeras O, Nygaard O, Sorensen R, Indahl A, Holm I, et al. Lumbar instrumented fusion compared with cognitive intervention and exercises in patients with chronic back pain after previous surgery for disc herniation: a prospective randomized controlled study. Pain. May 2006;122(1–2):145–155
  100. Fairbank J, Frost H, Wilson-MacDonald J, Yu LM, Barker K, Collins R. Randomised controlled trial to compare surgical stabilisation of the lumbar spine with an intensive rehabilitation programme for patients with chronic low back pain: the MRC spine stabilisation trial. Bmj. May 28 2005;330(7502):1233
  101. Deyo RA, Gray DT, Kreuter W, Mirza S, Martin BI. United States trends in lumbar fusion surgery for degenerative conditions. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). Jun 15 2005;30(12):1441–1445discussion 1446–1447
  102. Freemont AJ, Peacock TE, Goupille P, Hoyland JA, O'Brien J, Jayson MI. Nerve ingrowth into diseased intervertebral disc in chronic back pain. Lancet. Jul 19 1997;350(9072):178–181
  103. Coppes MH, Marani E, Thomeer RT, Oudega M, Groen GJ. Innervation of annulus fibrosis in low back pain. Lancet. Jul 21 1990;336(8708):189–190
  104. Kliskey K, Williams K, Yu J, Jackson D, Urban J, Athanasou N. The presence and absence of lymphatic vessels in the adult human intervertebral disc: relation to disc pathology. Skeletal Radiol. Sep 1 2009;
  105. Brisby H. Pathology and possible mechanisms of nervous system response to disc degeneration. J Bone Joint Surg Am. Apr 2006;88(Suppl. 2):68–71
  106. Panjabi MM. A hypothesis of chronic back pain: ligament subfailure injuries lead to muscle control dysfunction. Eur Spine J. May 2006;15(5):668–676
  107. van Rijn JC, Klemetso N, Reitsma JB, Majoie CB, Hulsmans FJ, Peul WC, et al. Symptomatic and asymptomatic abnormalities in patients with lumbosacral radicular syndrome: clinical examination compared with MRI. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. Sep 2006;108(6):553–557
  108. Carragee EJ, Lincoln T, Parmar VS, Alamin T. A gold standard evaluation of the "discogenic pain" diagnosis as determined by provocative discography. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). Aug 15 2006;31(18):2115–2123
  109. Carragee EJ, Don AS, Hurwitz EL, Cuellar JM, Carrino J, Herzog R. Does discography cause accelerated progression of degeneration changes in the lumbar disc: a ten-year matched cohort study. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). Sep 14 2009;
  110. Franklin GM, Budenholzer BR. Implementing evidence-based health policy in Washington State. N Engl J Med. Oct 29 2009;361(18):1722–1725
  111. An HS, Anderson PA, Haughton VM, Iatridis JC, Kang JD, Lotz JC, et al. Introduction: disc degeneration: summary. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). Dec 1 2004;29(23):2677–2678
  112. Jensen TS, Karppinen J, Sorensen JS, Niinimaki J, Leboeuf-Yde C. Vertebral endplate signal changes (Modic change): a systematic literature review of prevalence and association with non-specific low back pain. Eur Spine J. Nov 2008;17(11):1407–1422
  113. Modic MT, Ross JS. Lumbar degenerative disk disease. Radiology. Oct 2007;245(1):43–61
  114. Kuisma M, Karppinen J, Niinimaki J, Ojala R, Haapea M, Heliovaara M, et al. Modic changes in endplates of lumbar vertebral bodies: prevalence and association with low back and sciatic pain among middle-aged male workers. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). May 1 2007;32(10):1116–1122
  115. Gibson JN, Grant IC, Waddell G. The Cochrane review of surgery for lumbar disc prolapse and degenerative lumbar spondylosis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). Sep 1 1999;24(17):1820–1832
  116. Mirza SK, Deyo RA. Systematic review of randomized trials comparing lumbar fusion surgery to nonoperative care for treatment of chronic back pain. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). Apr 1 2007;32(7):816–823
  117. Gibson JN, Waddell G. Surgery for degenerative lumbar spondylosis: updated Cochrane Review. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). Oct 15 2005;30(20):2312–2320
  118. Fritzell P, Hagg O, Wessberg P, Nordwall A. Volvo award winner in clinical studies: lumbar fusion versus nonsurgical treatment for chronic low back pain: a multicenter randomized controlled trial from the swedish lumbar spine study group. Dec 1 2001 Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2001;26(23):2521–2532discussion 2532–2524
  119. Bombardier C, Hayden J, Beaton DE. Minimal clinically important difference. low back pain: outcome measures. J Rheumatol. Feb 2001;28(2):431–438

PII: S1521-6942(09)00146-6

doi: 10.1016/j.berh.2009.12.001

Best Practice & Research Clinical Rheumatology
Volume 24, Issue 2 , Pages 267-279 , April 2010

Article Tools