Best Practice & Research Clinical Rheumatology
Volume 20, Issue 3 , Pages 401-417 , June 2006

Concepts and epidemiology of spondyloarthritis

  • Joachim Sieper, MD (Professor)

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Address: Department of Medicine, Rheumatology, Charitè, University Medicine Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12200 Berlin, Germany. Tel.: +49 30 8445 4547; fax: +49 30 8445 4582.
    • ,
  • Martin Rudwaleit, MD (Assistant Professor)

References 

  1. Moll JM, Haslock I, Macrae IF, Wright V. Associations between ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis, Reiter's disease, the intestinal arthropathies, and Behcet's syndrome. Medicine (Baltimore). 1974;53:343–364
  2. Braun J, Sieper J. Building consensus on nomenclature and disease classification for ankylosing spondylitis: results and discussion of a questionnaire prepared for the international workshop on new treatment strategies in ankylosing spondylitis, Berlin, Germany, 18–19 January 2002. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2002;61(supplement 3):iii61–iii67
  3. Dougados M, van der Linden S, Juhlin R, et al. The European Spondylarthropathy Study Group preliminary criteria for the classification of spondylarthropathy. Arthritis and Rheumatism. 1991;34:1218–1227
  4. Sieper J, Braun J, Kingsley GH. Report on the fourth international workshop on reactive arthritis. Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2000;43:720–734
  5. Leirisalo-Repo M, Helenius P, Hannu T, et al. Long-term prognosis of reactive salmonella arthritis. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 1997;56:516–520
  6. Sieper J, Fendler C, Laitko S, et al. No benefit of long-term ciprofloxacin treatment in patients with reactive arthritis and undifferentiated oligoarthritis: a three-month, multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Arthritis and Rheumatism. 1999;42:1386–1396
  7. Mannoja A, Pekkola J, Hamalainen M, et al. Lumbosacral radiographic signs in patients with previous enteroarthritis or uroarthritis. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2005;64:936–939
  8. Leirisalo-Repo M. & Sieper J. Reactive spondyloarthrtis: epidemiology, clinical features and treatment. In van der Heijde D & Weizman M (eds.) Ankylosing Spondylitis. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2006; p. 53–64.
  9. Gladman DD. Psoriatic arthritis. Rheumatic Diseases Clinics of North America. 1998;24:829–844[x]
  10. Moll JM, Wright V. Psoriatic arthritis. Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism. 1973;3:55–78
  11. Helliwell PS, Taylor WJ. Classification and diagnostic criteria for psoriatic arthritis. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2005;64(supplement 2):ii3–ii8
  12. Zochling J, Brandt J, Braun J. The current concept of spondyloarthritis with special emphasis on undifferentiated spondyloarthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2005;44:1483–1491
  13. Orchard TR, Thiyagaraja S, Welsh KI, et al. Clinical phenotype is related to HLA genotype in the peripheral arthropathies of inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology. 2000;118:274–278
  14. De Vos M, Cuvelier C, Mielants H, et al. Ileocolonoscopy in seronegative spondylarthropathy. Gastroenterology. 1989;96:339–344
  15. Purrmann J, Zeidler H, Bertrams J, et al. HLA antigens in ankylosing spondylitis associated with Crohn's disease. Increased frequency of the HLA phenotype B27, B44. The Journal of Rheumatology. 1988;15:1658–1661
  16. Braun J, Bollow M, Remlinger G, et al. Prevalence of spondylarthropathies in HLA-B27 positive and negative blood donors. Arthritis and Rheumatism. 1998;41:58–67
  17. Kellgren JH. Diagnostic criteria for population studies. Bulletin on the Rheumatic Diseases. 1962;13:291–292
  18. Gofton JP, Lawrence JS, Bennett PH, Burch TA. Sacro-ilitis in eight populations. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 1966;25:528–533
  19. Bennett PH, Burch TA. Population Studies of the Rheumatic Diseases. Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica Foundation; 1968;p. 456–7
  20. Krebs W. Das Röntgenbild des Beckens bei der Bechterewschen Krankheit. Fortschritte auf dem Gebiete der Rontgenstrahlen. 1934;50:537
  21. van der Linden S, Valkenburg HA, Cats A. Evaluation of diagnostic criteria for ankylosing spondylitis. A proposal for modification of the New York criteria. Arthritis and Rheumatism. 1984;27:361–368
  22. Mau W, Zeidler H, Mau R, et al. Clinical features and prognosis of patients with possible ankylosing spondylitis. Results of a 10-year followup. The Journal of Rheumatology. 1988;15:1109–1114
  23. Rudwaleit M, Khan MA, Sieper J. The challenge of diagnosis and classification in early ankylosing spondylitis: do we need new criteria?. Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2005;52:1000–1008
  24. Braun J, Bollow M, Eggens U, et al. Use of dynamic magnetic resonance imaging with fast imaging in the detection of early and advanced sacroiliitis in spondylarthropathy patients. Arthritis and Rheumatism. 1994;37:1039–1045
  25. Feldtkeller E, Khan MA, van der Heijde D, et al. Age at disease onset and diagnosis delay in HLA-B27 negative vs. positive patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Rheumatology International. 2003;23:61–66
  26. van der Linden S, van der Heijde D. Ankylosing spondylitis. Clinical features. Rheumatic Diseases Clinics of North America. 1998;24:663–676[vii]
  27. Sieper J. & Rudwaleit M. How early should ankylosing spondylitis be treated with tumour necrosis factor blockers? Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases; 2005; 64(Suppl 4): 61–64.
  28. Braun J, Brandt J, Listing J, et al. Treatment of active ankylosing spondylitis with infliximab: a randomised controlled multicentre trial. Lancet. 2002;359:1187–1193
  29. Davis JC, Van Der Heijde D, Braun J, et al. Recombinant human tumor necrosis factor receptor (etanercept) for treating ankylosing spondylitis: a randomized, controlled trial. Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2003;48:3230–3236
  30. Haibel H. Rudwaleit M. Brandt HC et al. Adalimumab reduces spinal symptoms in active ankylosing spondylitis—clinical and MRI results of a 52 weeks open label trial. Arthritis and Rheumatism; 2006; 54: 678–681.
  31. Wanders A, Heijde D, Landewe R, et al. Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs reduce radiographic progression in patients with ankylosing spondylitis: a randomized clinical trial. Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2005;52:1756–1765
  32. Amor B, Dougados M, Listrat V, et al. Are classification criteria for spondylarthropathy useful as diagnostic criteria?. Revue du Rhumatisme England Edition. 1995;62:10–15
  33. Boyer GS, Templin DW, Goring WP. Evaluation of the European Spondylarthropathy Study Group preliminary classification criteria in Alaskan Eskimo populations. Arthritis and Rheumatism. 1993;36:534–538
  34. Collantes-Estevez E, Cisnal del Mazo A, Munoz-Gomariz E. Assessment of 2 systems of spondyloarthropathy diagnostic and classification criteria (Amor and ESSG) by a Spanish multicenter study. European Spondylarthropathy Study Group. The Journal of Rheumatology. 1995;22:246–251
  35. van Tubergen A, Heuft-Dorenbosch L, Schulpen G, et al. Radiographic assessment of sacroiliitis by radiologists and rheumatologists: does training improve quality?. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2003;62:519–525
  36. Underwood MR, Dawes P. Inflammatory back pain in primary care. British Journal of Rheumatology. 1995;34:1074–1077
  37. Rudwaleit M, van der Heijde D, Khan MA, et al. How to diagnose axial spondyloarthritis early. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2004;63:535–543
  38. Grimes DA, Schulz KF. Refining clinical diagnosis with likelihood ratios. Lancet. 2005;365:1500–1505
  39. Calin A, Porta J, Fries JF, Schurman DJ. Clinical history as a screening test for ankylosing spondylitis. JMMA. 1977;237:2613–2614
  40. Rudwaleit M. Metter A. Lisitng J. et al., Inflammatory back pain in ankylosing spondylitis—a reassessment of the clinical history for classification and for diagnosis. Arthritis and Rheumatism; 2006; 54: 569–578.
  41. Sieper J, Rudwaleit M, Braun J, van der Heijde D. Diagnosing reactive arthritis: role of clinical setting in the value of serologic and microbiologic assays. Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2002;46:319–327
  42. van der Heijde D, Bellamy N, Calin A, et al. Preliminary core sets for endpoints in ankylosing spondylitis. Assessments in ankylosing spondylitis working group. The Journal of Rheumatology. 1997;24:2225–2229
  43. Russel MG, Stockbrugger RW. Epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease: an update. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. 1996;31:417–427
  44. Akkoc N, Khan MA. Epidemiology of ankylosing spondylitis and related spondyloarthropathies. In:  Weisman MH,  Reveille JD,  van der Heijde D editor. Ankylosing Spondylitis and the Spondyloarthropathies. London: Mosby; 2005;p. 117–131
  45. Bakland G, Nossent HC, Gran JT. Incidence and prevalence of ankylosing spondylitis in Northern Norway. Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2005;53:850–855
  46. Bhatia K, Prasad ML, Barnish G, Koki G. Antigen and haplotype frequencies at three human leucocyte antigen loci (HLA-A, -B, -C) in the Pawaia of Papua New Guinea. American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 1988;75:329–340
  47. Krylov M, Erdesz S, Alexeeva L, et al. HLA class II and HLA-B27 oligotyping in two Siberian native population groups. Tissue Antigens. 1995;46:382–386
  48. Alexeeva L, Krylov M, Vturin V, et al. Prevalence of spondyloarthropathies and HLA-B27 in the native population of Chukotka, Russia. The Journal of Rheumatology. 1994;21:2298–2300
  49. Khan MA, Braun WE, Kushner I, et al. HLA B27 in ankylosing spondylitis: differences in frequency and relative risk in American Blacks and Caucasians. The Journal of Rheumatology. 1977;3(supplement):39–43
  50. Khan MA. HLA-B27 and its subtypes in world populations. Current Opinion in Rheumatology. 1995;7:263–269
  51. Calin A, Fries JF. Striking prevalence of ankylosing spondylitis in ‘healthy’ w27 positive males and females. The New England Journal of Medicine. 1975;293:835–839
  52. Cohen LM, Mittal KK, Schmid FR, et al. Increased risk for spondylitis stigmata in apparently healthy HLA-W27 men. Annals of Internal Medicine. 1976;84:1–7
  53. Christiansen FT, Hawkins BR, Dawkins RL, et al. The prevalence of ankylosing spondylitis among B27 positive normal individuals—a reassessment. The Journal of Rheumatology. 1979;6:713–718
  54. Braun J, Listing J, Sieper J. Reply. Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2005;52:4049–4050
  55. van der Linden SM, Valkenburg HA, de Jongh BM, Cats A. The risk of developing ankylosing spondylitis in HLA-B27 positive individuals. A comparison of relatives of spondylitis patients with the general population. Arthritis and Rheumatism. 1984;27:241–249
  56. Saraux A, Guillemin F, Guggenbuhl P, et al. Prevalence of spondyloarthropathies in France: 2001. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2005;64:1431–1435
  57. Johnsen K, Gran JT, Dale K, Husby G. The prevalence of ankylosing spondylitis among Norwegian Samis (Lapps). The Journal of Rheumatology. 1992;19:1591–1594
  58. Gran JT, Husby G, Hordvik M. Prevalence of ankylosing spondylitis in males and females in a young middle-aged population of Tromso, northern Norway. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 1985;44:359–367
  59. Kaipiainen-Seppanen O, Aho K, Heliovaara M. Incidence and prevalence of ankylosing spondylitis in Finland. The Journal of Rheumatology. 1997;24:496–499
  60. Gomor B, Gyodi E, Bakos L. Distribution of HLA B27 and ankylosing spondylitis in the Hungarian population. The Journal of Rheumatology. 1977;3(supplement):33–35
  61. Yenal O, Usman ON, Yassa K, et al. Epidemiology of rheumatic syndromes in Turkey. III. Incidence of rheumatic sacro-iliitis in men of 20–22 years. Zeitschrift fur Rheumatologie. 1977;36:294–298
  62. Andrianakos A, Trontzas P, Christoyannis F, et al. Prevalence of rheumatic diseases in Greece: a cross-sectional population based epidemiological study. The ESORDIG Study. The Journal of Rheumatology. 2003;30:1589–1601
  63. Bruges-Armas J, Lima C, Peixoto MJ, et al. Prevalence of spondyloarthritis in Terceira, Azores: a population based study. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2002;61:551–553
  64. Saraux A, Guedes C, Allain J, et al. Prevalence of rheumatoid arthritis and spondyloarthropathy in Brittany, France. Societe de Rhumatologie de l'Ouest. The Journal of Rheumatology. 1999;26:2622–2627
  65. Carter ET, McKenna CH, Brian DD, Kurland LT. Epidemiology of ankylosing spondylitis in Rochester, Minnesota, 1935–1973. Arthritis and Rheumatism. 1979;22:365–370
  66. Lawrence RC, Helmick CG, Arnett FC, et al. Estimates of the prevalence of arthritis and selected musculoskeletal disorders in the United States. Arthritis and Rheumatism. 1998;41:778–799
  67. Boyer GS, Templin DW, Cornoni-Huntley JC, et al. Prevalence of spondyloarthropathies in Alaskan Eskimos. The Journal of Rheumatology. 1994;21:2292–2297
  68. Bardin T, Lathrop GM. Postvenereal Reiter's syndrome in Greenland. Rheumatic Diseases Clinics of North America. 1992;18:81–93
  69. Khan MA. Epidemiology of HLA-B27 and arthritis. Clinical Rheumatology. 1996;15(supplement 1):10–12
  70. Cardiel MH, Rojas-Serrano J. Community based study to estimate prevalence, burden of illness and help seeking behavior in rheumatic diseases in Mexico City. A COPCORD study. Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology. 2002;20:617–624
  71. Lopez-Larrea C, Gonzalez-Roces S, Pena M, et al. Characterization of B27 haplotypes by oligotyping and genomic sequencing in the Mexican Mestizo population with ankylosing spondylitis: juvenile and adult onset. Human Immunology. 1995;43:174–180
  72. Hukuda S, Minami M, Saito T, et al. Spondyloarthropathies in Japan: nationwide questionnaire survey performed by the Japan ankylosing spondylitis society. The Journal of Rheumatology. 2001;28:554–559
  73. Yamaguchi A, Tsuchiya N, Mitsui H, et al. Association of HLA-B39 with HLA-B27-negative ankylosing spondylitis and pauciarticular juvenile rheumatoid arthritis in Japanese patients. Evidence for a role of the peptide-anchoring B pocket. Arthritis and Rheumatism. 1995;38:1672–1677
  74. Yamaguchi A, Ogawa A, Tsuchiya N, et al. HLA-B27 subtypes in Japanese with seronegative spondyloarthropathies and healthy controls. The Journal of Rheumatology. 1996;23:1189–1193
  75. Dai SM, Han XH, Zhao DB, et al. Prevalence of rheumatic symptoms, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and gout in Shanghai, China: a COPCORD study. The Journal of Rheumatology. 2003;30:2245–2251
  76. Wigley RD, Zhang NZ, Zeng QY, et al. Rheumatic diseases in China: ILAR-China study comparing the prevalence of rheumatic symptoms in northern and southern rural populations. The Journal of Rheumatology. 1994;21:1484–1490
  77. Chou CT, Pei L, Chang DM, et al. Prevalence of rheumatic diseases in Taiwan: a population study of urban, suburban, rural differences. The Journal of Rheumatology. 1994;21:302–306
  78. Al-Rawi ZS, Al-Shakarchi HA, Hasan F, Thewaini AJ. Ankylosing spondylitis and its association with the histocompatibility antigen HL-A B27: an epidemiological and clinical study. Rheumatology and Rehabilitation. 1978;17:72–75
  79. Davatchi F, Nikbin B, Ala F. Histocompatibility antigens (HLA) in rheumatic diseases in Iran. The Journal of Rheumatology. 1977;3(supplement):36–38
  80. Samangooei S, Hakim S, Khosravi F. Frequency of HLA-alleles B5, B51 and B27 in patients with Behcet's disease from southwest of Iran. IJMS. 2000;25

PII: S1521-6942(06)00024-6

doi: 10.1016/j.berh.2006.02.001

Best Practice & Research Clinical Rheumatology
Volume 20, Issue 3 , Pages 401-417 , June 2006

Article Tools