Best Practice & Research Clinical Rheumatology
Volume 20, Issue 3 , Pages 539-557 , June 2006

Ankylosing spondylitis and symptom-modifying vs disease-modifying therapy

  • Nurullah Akkoc, MD (Professor of Medicine)

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Tel.: +90 232 412 3789; Fax: +90 232 279 2739.

References 

  1. Khan MA. Update on spondyloarthropathies. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2002;136:896–907
  2. van der Linden SM, van der Heijde D, Braun J. Spondyloarthropathies. Ankylosing spondylitis. In:  Harris ED,  Budd RC,  Firestein GS, et al. editor. 7th edn. Kelley's Textbook of Rheumatology. vol. 2:Philadelphia: WB Saunders/Elsevier; 2004;p. 1135–1141
  3. Boonen A, de Vet H, van der Heijde D, van der Linden S. Work status and its determinants among patients with ankylosing spondylitis. A systematic literature review. The Journal of Rheumatology. 2001;28:1056–1062
  4. Ward MM. Functional disability predicts total costs in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2002;46:223–231
  5. Boonen A, van der Heijde D, Landewe R, et al. Work status and productivity costs due to ankylosing spondylitis: comparison of three European countries. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2002;61:429–437
  6. Mau W, Listing J, Huscher D, et al. Employment across chronic inflammatory rheumatic diseases and comparison with the general population. The Journal of Rheumatology. 2005;32:721–728
  7. Khan MA, Skosey JL. Ankylosing spondylitis and related spondylarthropathies. In: M S  editors. Immunological Diseases. Boston: Little, Brown & Co; 1988;p. 1509–1538
  8. Edmonds J. DC-ART: the concept. The Journal of Rheumatology. 1994;41(supplement):3–5(see discussion pages 5–7)
  9. van der Heijde D, Bellamy N, Calin A, et al. Preliminary core sets for endpoints in ankylosing spondylitis. Assessments in ankylosing spondylitis working group. The Journal of Rheumatology. 1997;24:2225–2229
  10. van der Heijde D, Calin A, Dougados M, et al. Selection of instruments in the core set for DC-ART, SMARD, physical therapy, and clinical record keeping in ankylosing spondylitis. Progress report of the ASAS working group. Assessments in ankylosing spondylitis. The Journal of Rheumatology. 1999;26:951–954
  11. Anderson JJ, Baron G, van der Heijde D, et al. Ankylosing spondylitis assessment group preliminary definition of short-term improvement in ankylosing spondylitis. Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2001;44:1876–1886
  12. van Tubergen A, van der Heijde D, Anderson J, et al. Comparison of statistically derived ASAS improvement criteria for ankylosing spondylitis with clinically relevant improvement according to an expert panel. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2003;62:215–221
  13. Zochling J, van der Heijde D, Burgos-Vargas R, et al. ASAS/EULAR recommendations for the management of ankylosing spondylitis. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2006;65:442–452
  14. Gossec L, van der Heijde D, Melian A, et al. Efficacy of cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibition by etoricoxib and naproxen on the axial manifestations of ankylosing spondylitis in the presence of peripheral arthritis. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2005;64:1563–1567
  15. Fries JF, Murtagh KN, Bennett M, et al. The rise and decline of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug-associated gastropathy in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2004;50:2433–2440
  16. Singh G, Rosen Ramey D. NSAID induced gastrointestinal complications: the ARAMIS perspective—1997. Arthritis, rheumatism, and aging medical information system. The Journal of Rheumatology. 1998;51(supplement):8–16
  17. Solomon DH. Selective cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitors and cardiovascular events. Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2005;52:1968–1978
  18. Zhang W, Doherty M, Arden N, et al. EULAR evidence based recommendations for the management of hip osteoarthritis: report of a task force of the EULAR standing committee for international clinical studies including therapeutics (ESCISIT). Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2005;64:669–681
  19. Deeks JJ, Smith LA, Bradley MD. Efficacy, tolerability, and upper gastrointestinal safety of celecoxib for treatment of osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis: systematic review of randomised controlled trials. BMJ (Clinical research ed. ). 2002;325:619
  20. Hall FC, Dalbeth N. Disease modification and cardiovascular risk reduction: two sides of the same coin?. Rheumatology. 2005;44:1473–1482
  21. Peters MJ, van der Horst-Bruinsma IE, Dijkmans BA, Nurmohamed MT. Cardiovascular risk profile of patients with spondylarthropathies, particularly ankylosing spondylitis and psoriatic arthritis. Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2004;34:585–592
  22. Sari I, Okan T, Akar S, et al. Impaired endothelial function in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Rheumatology. 2006;45:283–286
  23. Bombardier C, Laine L, Reicin A, et al. Comparison of upper gastrointestinal toxicity of rofecoxib and naproxen in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. VIGOR study group. The New England Journal of Medicine. 2000;343:1520–1528[see also two pages following 1528]
  24. Bolten WW. Problem of the atherothrombotic potential of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2006;65:7–13
  25. Fitzgerald GA. Coxibs and cardiovascular disease. The New England Journal of Medicine. 2004;351:1709–1711
  26. Fitzgerald GA. Mechanism Based Adverse Cardiovascular Events and Specific Inhibitors of COX-2. http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/AC/05/slides/2005-4090S1_03_FDA-Fitzgerald.ppt. Last accessed 11 January 2006.
  27. Fischer LM, Schlienger RG, Matter CM, et al. Discontinuation of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug therapy and risk of acute myocardial infarction. Archives of Internal Medicine. 2004;164:2472–2476
  28. FitzGerald GA. COX-2 and beyond: approaches to prostaglandin inhibition in human disease. Nature Reviews. Drug discovery. 2003;2:879–890
  29. Farkouh ME, Kirshner H, Harrington RA, et al. Comparison of lumiracoxib with naproxen and ibuprofen in the therapeutic arthritis research and gastrointestinal event trial (TARGET), cardiovascular outcomes: randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2004;364:675–684
  30. Laine L, Maller ES, Yu C, et al. Ulcer formation with low-dose enteric-coated aspirin and the effect of COX-2 selective inhibition: a double-blind trial. Gastroenterology. 2004;127:395–402
  31. Solomon SD, McMurray JJ, Pfeffer MA, et al. Cardiovascular risk associated with celecoxib in a clinical trial for colorectal adenoma prevention. The New England Journal of Medicine. 2005;352:1071–1080
  32. Graham DJ, Campen D, Hui R, et al. Risk of acute myocardial infarction and sudden cardiac death in patients treated with cyclo-oxygenase 2 selective and non-selective non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: nested case-control study. Lancet. 2005;365:475–481
  33. Wanders A, Heijde D, Landewe R, et al. Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs reduce radiographic progression in patients with ankylosing spondylitis: a randomized clinical trial. Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2005;52:1756–1765
  34. Boersma JW. Retardation of ossification of the lumbar vertebral column in ankylosing spondylitis by means of phenylbutazone. Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology. 1976;5:60–64
  35. Ward MM. Prospects for disease modification in ankylosing spondylitis: do nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs do more than treat symptoms?. Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2005;52:1634–1636
  36. Zhang W, Jones A, Doherty M. Does paracetamol (acetaminophen) reduce the pain of osteoarthritis? A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2004;63:901–907
  37. Paulus HE, Bulpitt KJ. DC-ART classification: review of relevant clinical studies. The Journal of Rheumatology. 1994;41(supplement):8–20[see also discussion pages 20–22]
  38. Wanders AJ, Gorman JD, Davis JC, et al. Responsiveness and discriminative capacity of the assessments in ankylosing spondylitis disease-controlling antirheumatic therapy core set and other outcome measures in a trial of etanercept in ankylosing spondylitis. Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2004;51:1–8
  39. Ruof J, Stucki G. Validity aspects of erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein in ankylosing spondylitis: a literature review. The Journal of Rheumatology. 1999;26:966–970
  40. van der Heijde D, Dougados M, Davis J, et al. Assessment in Ankylosing Spondylitis International Working Group/Spondylitis Association of America recommendations for conducting clinical trials in ankylosing spondylitis. Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2005;52:386–394
  41. Dougados M, Dijkmans B, Khan M, et al. Conventional treatments for ankylosing spondylitis. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2002;61(supplement 3):iii40–iii50
  42. Maksymowych WP, Breban M, Braun J. Ankylosing spondylitis and current disease-controlling agents: do they work?. Best Practice & Research. Clinical Rheumatology. 2002;16:619–630
  43. Marzo-Ortega H, Emery P, McGonagle D. The concept of disease modification in spondyloarthropathy. The Journal of Rheumatology. 2002;29:1583–1585
  44. Food and Drug Administration Center for Drug Evaluation and Research Meeting of the Arthritis Advisory Committee, 24 June 2003. http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/03/transcripts/3967T2.htm. Last accessed 11 January 2006.
  45. Boulos P, Dougados M, Macleod SM, Hunsche E. Pharmacological treatment of ankylosing spondylitis: a systematic review. Drugs. 2005;65:2111–2127
  46. Maksymowych WP, Inman RD, Gladman D, et al. Canadian Rheumatology Association Consensus on the use of anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha directed therapies in the treatment of spondyloarthritis. The Journal of Rheumatology. 2003;30:1356–1363
  47. Zochling J, van der Heijde D, Dougados M, Braun J. Current evidence for the management of ankylosing spondylitis: a systematic literature review for the ASAS/EULAR management recommendations in ankylosing spondylitis. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2006;65:423–432
  48. Ferraz MB, Tugwell P, Goldsmith CH, Atra E. Meta-analysis of sulfasalazine in ankylosing spondylitis. The Journal of Rheumatology. 1990;17:1482–1486
  49. Chen J, Liu C. Sulfasalazine for ankylosing spondylitis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2005;CD004800
  50. Clegg DO, Reda DJ, Weisman MH, et al. Comparison of sulfasalazine and placebo in the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis. A department of veterans affairs cooperative study. Arthritis and Rheumatism. 1996;39:2004–2012
  51. Dougados M, vam der Linden S, Leirisalo-Repo M, et al. Sulfasalazine in the treatment of spondylarthropathy. A randomized, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Arthritis and Rheumatism. 1995;38:618–627
  52. Feltelius N, Hallgren R. Sulphasalazine in ankylosing spondylitis. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 1986;45:396–399
  53. Kirwan J, Edwards A, Huitfeldt B, et al. The course of established ankylosing spondylitis and the effects of sulphasalazine over 3 years. British Journal of Rheumatology. 1993;32:729–733
  54. Nissila M, Lehtinen K, Leirisalo-Repo M, et al. Sulfasalazine in the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis. A twenty-six-week, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Arthritis and Rheumatism. 1988;31:1111–1116
  55. Dougados M, Boumier P, Amor B. Sulphasalazine in ankylosing spondylitis: a double blind controlled study in 60 patients. BMJ (Clinical research ed. ). 1986;293:911–914
  56. Schmidt WA, Wierth S, Milleck D, et al. Sulfasalazine in ankylosing spondylitis: a prospective, randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled study and comparison with other controlled studies. Zeitschrift fur Rheumatologie. 2002;61:159–167
  57. Braun J, Allen R, Burmester G, et al. Efficacy of sulfasalazine in undifferentiated spondyloarthritis and early ankylosing spondylitis—a multicenter randomized controlled trial. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2004;63:413
  58. Neumann VC, Taggart AJ, Le Gallez P, et al. A study to determine the active moiety of sulphasalazine in rheumatoid arthritis. The Journal of Rheumatology. 1986;13:285–287
  59. Taggart A, Gardiner P, McEvoy F, et al. Which is the active moiety of sulfasalazine in ankylosing spondylitis? A randomized, controlled study. Arthritis and Rheumatism. 1996;39:1400–1405
  60. Thomson GT, Thomson BR, Thomson KS, Ducharme JS. Clinical efficacy of mesalamine in the treatment of the spondyloarthropathies. The Journal of Rheumatology. 2000;27:714–718
  61. Dekker-Saeys BJ, Dijkmans BA, Tytgat GN. Treatment of spondyloarthropathy with 5-aminosalicylic acid (mesalazine): an open trial. The Journal of Rheumatology. 2000;27:723–726
  62. van Denderen JC, van der Horst-Bruinsma I, Bezemer PD, Dijkmans BA. Efficacy and safety of mesalazine (Salofalk) in an open study of 20 patients with ankylosing spondylitis. The Journal of Rheumatology. 2003;30:1558–1560
  63. Sari I, Birlik M, Cavdar C, et al. Mesalazine-associated acute tubulointerstitial nephritis in a patient with spondylarthropathy. The New Zealand Medical Journal. 2005;118:U1662
  64. Sampaio-Barros PD, Costallat LT, Bertolo MB, et al. Methotrexate in the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis. Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology. 2000;29:160–162
  65. Biasi D, Carletto A, Caramaschi P, et al. Efficacy of methotrexate in the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis: a three-year open study. Clinical Rheumatology. 2000;19:114–117
  66. Roychowdhury B, Bintley-Bagot S, Bulgen DY, et al. Is methotrexate effective in ankylosing spondylitis?. Rheumatology. 2002;41:1330–1332
  67. Altan L, Bingol U, Karakoc Y, et al. Clinical investigation of methotrexate in the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis. Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology. 2001;30:255–259
  68. Chen J, Liu C. Methotrexate for ankylosing spondylitis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2004;CD004524
  69. Gonzalez-Lopez L, Garcia-Gonzalez A, Vazquez-Del-Mercado M, et al. Efficacy of methotrexate in ankylosing spondylitis: a randomized, double blind, placebo controlled trial. The Journal of Rheumatology. 2004;31:1568–1574
  70. Haibel H, Rudwaleit M, Braun J, Sieper J. Six months open label trial of leflunomide in active ankylosing spondylitis. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2005;64:124–126
  71. Van Denderen JC, Van der Paardt M, Nurmohamed MT, et al. Double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled study of leflunomide in the treatment of active ankylosing spondylitis. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2005;64:1761–1764
  72. Cairns AP, Wright SA, Taggart AJ, et al. An open study of pulse pamidronate treatment in severe ankylosing spondylitis, and its effect on biochemical markers of bone turnover. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2005;64:338–339
  73. Haibel H, Brandt J, Rudwaleit M, et al. Treatment of active ankylosing spondylitis with pamidronate. Rheumatology. 2003;42:1018–1020
  74. Maksymowych WP, Jhangri GS, Leclercq S, et al. An open study of pamidronate in the treatment of refractory ankylosing spondylitis. The Journal of Rheumatology. 1998;25:714–717
  75. Maksymowych WP, Lambert R, Jhangri GS, et al. Clinical and radiological amelioration of refractory peripheral spondyloarthritis by pulse intravenous pamidronate therapy. The Journal of Rheumatology. 2001;28:144–155
  76. Akerkar SM, Bichile LS. Pamidronate—a promising new candidate for the management of spondyloarthropathy. Industrial Journal of Medical Sciences. 2005;59:165–170
  77. Maksymowych WP, Jhangri GS, Fitzgerald AA, et al. A six-month randomized, controlled, double-blind, dose-response comparison of intravenous pamidronate (60 mg versus 10 mg) in the treatment of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug-refractory ankylosing spondylitis. Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2002;46:766–773
  78. Adami S, Zamberlan N. Adverse effects of bisphosphonates. A comparative review. Drug Safety. 1996;14:158–170
  79. Breban M, Gombert B, Amor B, Dougados M. Efficacy of thalidomide in the treatment of refractory ankylosing spondylitis. Arthritis and Rheumatism. 1999;42:580–581
  80. Huang F, Gu J, Zhao W, et al. One-year open-label trial of thalidomide in ankylosing spondylitis. Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2002;47:249–254
  81. Wei JC, Chan TW, Lin HS, et al. Thalidomide for severe refractory ankylosing spondylitis: a 6-month open-label trial. The Journal of Rheumatology. 2003;30:2627–2631
  82. Davis JC, Huang F, Maksymowych W. New therapies for ankylosing spondylitis: etanercept, thalidomide, and pamidronate. Rheumatic Diseases Clinics of North America. 2003;29:481–494[viii]
  83. Scalapino KJ, Davis JC. The treatment of ankylosing spondylitis. Clinical and Experimental Medicine. 2003;2:159–165
  84. El Maghraoui A. Osteoporosis and ankylosing spondylitis. Joint, Bone, Spine. 2004;71:291–295
  85. Mintz G, Enriquez RD, Mercado U, et al. Intravenous methylprednisolone pulse therapy in severe ankylosing spondylitis. Arthritis and Rheumatism. 1981;24:734–736
  86. Peters ND, Ejstrup L. Intravenous methylprednisolone pulse therapy in ankylosing spondylitis. Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology. 1992;21:134–138
  87. Richter MB, Woo P, Panayi GS, et al. The effects of intravenous pulse methylprednisolone on immunological and inflammatory processes in ankylosing spondylitis. Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 1983;53:51–59
  88. Bollow M, Braun J, Taupitz M, et al. CT-guided intraarticular corticosteroid injection into the sacroiliac joints in patients with spondyloarthropathy: indication and follow-up with contrast-enhanced MRI. Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography. 1996;20:512–521
  89. Braun J, Bollow M, Seyrekbasan F, et al. Computed tomography guided corticosteroid injection of the sacroiliac joint in patients with spondyloarthropathy with sacroiliitis: clinical outcome and followup by dynamic magnetic resonance imaging. The Journal of Rheumatology. 1996;23:659–664
  90. Hanly JG, Mitchell M, MacMillan L, et al. Efficacy of sacroiliac corticosteroid injections in patients with inflammatory spondyloarthropathy: results of a 6 month controlled study. The Journal of Rheumatology. 2000;27:719–722
  91. Maugars Y, Mathis C, Berthelot JM, et al. Assessment of the efficacy of sacroiliac corticosteroid injections in spondylarthropathies: a double-blind study. British Journal of Rheumatology. 1996;35:767–770
  92. Karabacakoglu A, Karakose S, Ozerbil OM, Odev K. Fluoroscopy-guided intraarticular corticosteroid injection into the sacroiliac joints in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Acta Radiologica. 2002;43:425–427
  93. Gunaydin I, Pereira PL, Daikeler T, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging guided corticosteroid injection of the sacroiliac joints in patients with therapy resistant spondyloarthropathy: a pilot study. The Journal of Rheumatology. 2000;27:424–428
  94. Fritz J, König CW, Gunaydin I, et al. [Magnetic resonance imaging-guided corticosteroid-infiltration of the sacroiliac joints: pain therapy of sacroiliitis in patients with ankylosing spondylitis]. RoFo Fortschritte auf dem Gebiet der Rontgenstrahlen und der Bildgebenden Verfahren. 2005;177:555–563
  95. Pekkafali MZ, Kiralp MZ, Basekim CC, et al. Sacroiliac joint injections performed with sonographic guidance. Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine. 2003;22:553–559
  96. Luukkainen R, Nissilä M, Asikainen E, et al. Periarticular corticosteroid treatment of the sacroiliac joint in patients with seronegative spondylarthropathy. Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology. 1999;17:88–90

PII: S1521-6942(06)00034-9

doi: 10.1016/j.berh.2006.03.003

Best Practice & Research Clinical Rheumatology
Volume 20, Issue 3 , Pages 539-557 , June 2006