Best Practice & Research Clinical Rheumatology
Volume 20, Issue 3 , Pages 473-486 , June 2006

Enthesitis

  • Ignazio Olivieri, MD (Director of the Rheumatology Department of Lucania)

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Address: Rheumatology Department of Lucania, San Carlo Hospital, Contrada Macchia Romana, 85100 Potenza, Italy. Tel.: +39 0971 613039; fax: +39 0971 613036.

References 

  1. Ball J. Enthesopathy of rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 1971;30:213–223
  2. Jacobs JC. Spondyloarthritis and enthesopathy. Current concepts in rheumatology. Archives of Internal Medicine. 1983;143:103–107
  3. Resnick D, Niwayama G. Entheses and enthesopathy. Radiology. 1983;146:1–9
  4. Benjamin M, McGonagle D. The anatomical basis for disease localisation in seronegative sponyloarthropathy at entheses and related sites. Journal of Anatomy. 2001;199:503–526
  5. McGonagle D, Benjamin M, Marzo-Ortega H, Emery P. Advances in the understanding of entheseal inflammation. Current Rheumatology Reports. 2002;4:500–506
  6. McGonagle D, Marzo-Ortega H, Benjamin M, Emery P. Report on the second international enthesitis workshop. Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2003;48:896–905
  7. McGonagle D. Diagnosis and treatment of enthesitis. Rheumatic Diseases Clinics of North America. 2003;29:549–560
  8. Canoso JJ. The premiere enthesis. The Journal of Rheumatology. 1998;25:1254–1256
  9. Olivieri I, Barozzi L, Padula A, et al. Retrocalcaneal bursitis in spondyloarthropathy: assessment by ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging. The Journal of Rheumatology. 1998;25:1352–1357
  10. Jevtic V, Watt I, Rozman B, et al. Distinctive radiological features of small joints in rheumatoid arthritis and seronegative spondyloarthritis demonstrated by contrast-enhanced (Gd-DTPA) magnetic resonance imaging. Skeletal Radiology. 1995;24:351–355
  11. Lehtinen A, Taavitsainen M, Leirisalo-Repo M. Sonographic analysis of enthesopathy in the lower extremities of patients with spondylarthropathy. Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology. 1994;12:143–148
  12. Balint PV, Kane D, Wilson H, et al. Ultrasonography of entheseal insertions in the lower limb in spondyloarthropathy. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2002;61:905–910
  13. D'Agostino MA, Said-Nahal R, Hacquard-Bouder C, et al. Assessment of peripheral enthesitis in the spondyloarthropathies by ultrasonography combined with power Doppler: a cross-sectional study. Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2003;48:523–533
  14. López-Bote JP, Humbria-Mendiola A, Ossorio-Castellanos C, et al. The calcaneus in ankylosing spondylitis: a randomized study of 43 patients. Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology. 1989;18:143–148
  15. Secundini R, Scheines EJ, Gusis SE, et al. Clinico-radiological correlation of enthesitis in seronegative spondyloarthropathies (SNSA). Clinical Rheumatology. 1997;16:129–132
  16. Olivieri I, Barozzi L, Padula A. Enthesiopathy: clinical manifestations, imaging and treatment. Baillieres Clinical Rheumatology. 1998;12:665–681
  17. Olivieri I, Scarano E, Ciancio G, et al. Lateral epicondylitis with marked soft tissue swelling in spondyloarthritis. Clinical Rheumatology. 2004;23:275–276
  18. McGonagle D, Marzo-Ortega H, O'Connor P, et al. Histological assessment of the early enthesitis lesion in spondyloarthropathy. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2002;61:534–537
  19. Gerster JC, Saudan Y, Fallet GH. Talalgia: a review of 30 severe cases. The Journal of Rheumatology. 1978;5:210–216
  20. Rosenberg AM, &Petty RE. A syndrome of seronegative enthesopathy and arthropathy in children. Arthritis and Rheumatism. 1982;25:1041–1047
  21. Burgos-Vargas R, Phacheco-Tena C, Vázquez-Mellado J. Juvenile-onset spondyloarthropathies. Rheumatic Diseases Clinics of North America. 1997;23:569–597
  22. Amor B, Dougados M, Khan MA. Management of refractory ankylosing spondylitis and related spondyloarthropathies. Rheumatic Diseases Clinics of North America. 1995;21:117–128
  23. D'Agostino MA, Breban M, Said-Nahal R, Dougados M. Refractory inflammatory heel pain in spondylarthropathy: a significant response to infliximab documented by ultrasound. Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2002;46:840–841
  24. Braun J, Sieper J. Refractory inflammatory heel pain in spondylarthropathy: a significant response to infliximab documented by ultrasound. Reply. Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2002;46:841–842
  25. Gerster JC, Vischer TL, Bennani A, Fallet GH. The painful heel: comparative study in rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, Reiter's syndrome, and generalized osteoarthrosis. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 1977;36:343–348
  26. Paolaggi JB, Goutet MC, Strutz Ph, et al. Les enthésopathies des spondyloarthropathies inflammatoires: fréquence, description clinique, radiologique et anatomique. Etat actuel de la question. A propos de 37 observations. Revue des Maladies Osteoarthritis. 1984;51:457–462
  27. Olivieri I, Foto M, Ruju GP, et al. Low frequence of axial involvement in Caucasian pediatric patients with seronegative enthesopathy and arthropathy syndrome after 5 years of disease. The Journal of Rheumatology. 1992;19:469–475
  28. Olivieri I, Padula A, Pierro A, et al. Late onset undifferentiated seronegative spondyloarthropathy. The Journal of Rheumatology. 1995;22:899–903
  29. Jacobs JC, Berdon WE, Johnston AD. HLA-B27-associated spondyloarthritis and enthesopathy in childhood: clinical, pathologic, and radiographic observations in 58 patients. The Journal of Pediatrics. 1982;100:521–528
  30. Rosenberg AM, Petty RE. A syndrome of seronegative enthesopathy and arthropathy in children. Arthritis and Rheumatism. 1982;25:1041–1047
  31. Gester JC, Piccinin P. Enthesopathy of the heels in juvenile onset seronegative B-27 positive spondylarthropathy. The Journal of Rheumatology. 1985;12:310–314
  32. Resnick D, Feingold ML, Curd J, et al. Calcaneal abnormalities in articular disorders: rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis and Reiter's syndrome. Radiology. 1977;125:355–366
  33. Lin WY, Wang SJ, Lang JL, et al. Bone scintigraphy in valuation of heel pain in Reiter's disease: compared with radiography and clinical examination. Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology. 1995;24:18–21
  34. Kvien TK, Glennas A, Melby K, et al. Reactive arthritis: incidence, triggering agents and clinical presentation. The Journal of Rheumatology. 1994;21:115–122
  35. Thomson GDT, Alfa M, Orr K, et al. Secretory immune response and clinical sequalae of salmonella infection in a point source cohort. The Journal of Rheumatology. 1994;21:132–137
  36. Oriente P, Biondi-Oriente C, Scarpa R. Psoriatic arthritis: clinical manifestations. Baillieres Clinical Rheumatology. 1994;8:277–294
  37. Salvarani C, Vlachonikolis IG, van der Hejide D, et al. Musculoskeletal manifestations in a population-based cohort of inflammatory bowel disease patients. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. 2001;36:1307–1313
  38. Zeidler H, Mau W, Khan MA. Undifferentiated spondyloarthropathies. Rheumatic Diseases Clinics of North America. 1992;18:187–202
  39. Zochling J, Brandt J, Braun J. The current concept of spondyloarthritis with special emphasis on undifferentiated spondyloarthritis. Rheumatology. 2005;44:1483–1491
  40. Amor B, Dougados M, Mijiyawa M. Critères de classification des spondylarthropathies. Revue du Rhumatisme et des Maladies Osteoarthritis. 1990;57:85–89
  41. Dougados M, van der Linden S, Juhlin R, et al. The European spondylarthropathy study group preliminary criteria fort he classification of spondylarthropathy. Arthritis and Rheumatism. 1991;34:1218–1227
  42. Boyer GS, Templin DW, Cornoni-Huntley JC, et al. Prevalence of spondyloarthropathies in Alaskan Eskimos. The Journal of Rheumatology. 1994;21:2292–2297
  43. Braun J, Bollow M, Remlinger G, et al. Prevalence of spondyloarthropathies in HLA-B27 positive and negative blood donors. Arthritis and Rheumatism. 1998;41:67–68
  44. Olivieri I, Pasero G. Longstanding isolated iuvenile onset HLA-B27 associated peripheral enthesitis. The Journal of Rheumatology. 1992;19:164–165
  45. Olivieri I, Gemignani G, Gherardi S, et al. Isolated HLA-B27 Achilles tendinitis. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 1987;46:626–627
  46. Salvarani C, Cantini F, Olivieri I, et al. Isolated peripheral enthesitis and/or dactylitis: a subset of psoriatic arthritis. The Journal of Rheumatology. 1997;24:1106–1110
  47. Olivieri I, Barozzi L, Favaro L, et al. Dactylitis in patients with seronegative spondylarthropathy: assessment by ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging. Arthritis and Rheumatism. 1996;39:1524–1528
  48. Olivieri I, Barozzi L, Pierro A, et al. Toe dactylitis in patients with spondylo-arthropathy: assessment by magnetic resonance imaging. The Journal of Rheumatology. 1997;24:926–930
  49. Kane D, Greaney T, Bresnihan B, et al. Ultrasonography in the diagnosis and management of psoriatic dactylitis. The Journal of Rheumatology. 1999;26:1746–1751
  50. Wakefield RJ, Emery P, Veale D. Ultrasonography and psoriatic arthritis. The Journal of Rheumatology. 2000;27:1564
  51. Olivieri I, Salvarani C, Cantini F, et al. Fast spin echo-T2-weighted sequences with fat saturation in dactylitis of spondyloarthritis: no evidence of entheseal involvement of flexor digitorum tendons. Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2002;46:2964–2967
  52. Olivieri I, Padula A, Giasi V, Scarano E. Enthesitis of spondyloarthritis can masquerade as Osgood-Schlatter disease by radiographic findings. Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2003;49:147–148
  53. Heuft-Dorenbosch L, Spoorenberg A, van Tubergen A, et al. Assessment of enthesitis in ankylosing spondylitis. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2003;62:127–132
  54. Mander M, Simpson JM, McLellan A, et al. Studies with an enthesis index as a method of clinical assessment in ankylosing spondylitis. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 1987;46:197–202
  55. Wiell C, Norregaard J, Szkudlarek M, et al. Ultrasonography of finger joints, tendons and entheses, in patients with spondylarthropathy—a comparison with clinical examination and magnetic resonance imaging. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2005;64(supplement III):327;[Abstract]
  56. Wiell C, Norregaard J, Szkudlarek M, et al. Ultrasonography of lower extremity tendons and entheses, in patients with spondylarthropathy—a comparison with clinical examination and magnetic resonance imaging. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2005;64(supplement III):378;[Abstract]
  57. Helliwell P, Marchesoni A, Peters M, et al. A re-evaluation of the osteoarticular manifestations of psoriasis. British Journal of Rheumatology. 1991;30:339–345
  58. Grigoryan M, Roemer FW, Mohr A, Genant HK. Imaging in spondyloarthropathies. Current Rheumatology Reports. 2004;6:102–109
  59. Newman JS, Adler RS, Bude RO, Rubin JM. Detection of soft-tissue hyperemia: value of power Doppler sonography. American Journal of Roentgenology. 1994;163:385–389
  60. Newman JS, Adler RS, Fowlkes JB, et al. Fractional moving blood volume: estimation with power Doppler ultrasonography. Radiology. 1995;197:183–190
  61. Schmidt WA. Doppler sonography in rheumatology. Best Practice & Research. Clinical Rheumatology. 2004;18:827–846
  62. Morel M, Boutry N, Demondion X, et al. Normal anatomy of the heel entheses: anatomical and ultrasonographic study of their blood supply. Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy. 2005;27:176–183
  63. D'Agostino MA, Bechara K, Salliot C, et al. Evaluation of power Doppler ultrasonography performance for the diagnosis of spondylarthropathy in patients consulting for suggestive clinical symptoms. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2005;64(supplement III):339–340[Abstract]
  64. D'Agostino MA, Said-Nahal R, Dougados M, Breban M. Interest of ultrasonography to monitor the effect of anti-TNF a treatment in patients with severe spondylarthropathy. Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2001;44:S95;[Abstract]
  65. D'Agostino MA, Moura B, Torcel L, et al. Reliability and quantification of power Doppler sonography in spondylarthropathy: development and validation of a new algorithm. Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology. 2004;22:657;[Abstract]
  66. Wakefield RJ, Balint PV, Szkudlarek M, et al. Proceedings from the OMERACT Special interest group for muskuletal ultrasound including definitions for ultrasonographic pathology. The Journal of Rheumatology, 2005; 32: 2485–2487.
  67. McGonagle D, Gibbon W, O'Connor P, et al. Characteristic MRI entheseal changes of knee synovitis in spondylarthropathy. Arthritis and Rheumatism. 1998;41:694–700
  68. McGonagle D, Marzo-Ortega H, O'Connor P, et al. The role of biomechanical factors and HLA-B27 in magnetic resonance imaging-determined bone changes in plantar fascia enthesopathy. Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2002;46:489–493
  69. Marzo-Hortega H, McGonagle D, O'Connor P, Emery P. Efficacy of etanercept in the treatment of entheseal pathology in resistant spondyloarthropathy: a clinical and magnetic resonance imaging study. Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2001;44:2112–2117
  70. McGonagle D, Khan MA, Marzo-Ortega H, et al. Enthesitis in spondyloarthropathy. Current Opinion in Rheumatology. 1999;11:244–250
  71. Canoso JJ, Wohlgethan JR, Newberg AH, Goldsmith MR. Aspiration of the retrocalcaneal bursa. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 1984;43:308–312
  72. Cunnane G, Brophy DP, Gipney RG, FitzGerald O. Diagnosis and treatment of heel pain in chronic inflammatory arthritis using ultrasound. Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism. 1996;25:383–389
  73. Baraliakos X, Davis J, Tsuji W, Braun J. Magnetic resonance imaging examinations of the spine in patients with ankylosing spondylitis before and after therapy with the tumor necrosis factor alpha receptor fusion protein etanercept. Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2005;52:1216–1223
  74. Braun J, Baraliakos X, Golder W, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging examinations of the spine in patients with ankylosing spondylitis, before and after successful therapy with infliximab: evaluation of a new scoring system. Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2003;48:1126–1136
  75. Marzo-Ortega H, McGonagle D, Jarrett S, et al. Infliximab in combination with methotrexate in active ankylosing spondylitis: a clinical and imaging study. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2005;64:1568–1575
  76. Brandt J, Haibel H, Reddig J, et al. Successful short term treatment of severe undifferentiated spondyloarthropathy with the anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha monoclonal antibody infliximab. The Journal of Rheumatology. 2002;29:118–122
  77. Antoni CE, Kavanaugh A, Kirkham B, et al. Sustained benefits of infliximab therapy for dermatologic and articular manifestations of psoriatic arthritis: results from the Infliximab Multinational Psoriatic Arthritis Controlled Trial (IMPACT). Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2005;52:1227–1236
  78. Davis J, Kivitz A, Shiff M, et al. Maior clinical response and remission in ankylosing spondylitis subjects treated wuith adalimumab: the ATLAS trial. Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2005;52(supplement):208–209
  79. Maksymowych WP, Rahman P, Keystone E, et al. Efficacy of adalimumab in active ankylosing spondylitis (AS). Results of the Canadian AS study. Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2005;52(supplement):217
  80. Mease PJ, et al. Adalimumab for the treatment of patients with moderately to severely active psoriatic arthritis: results of a double-blind randomized-placebo-controlled study. Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2005;52:3279–3289
  81. Maksymowych WP, Lambert R, Jhangri GS, et al. Clinical and radiological amelioration of refractory peripheral spondyloarthritis by pulse intravenous pamidronate therapy. The Journal of Rheumatology. 2001;28:144–155

PII: S1521-6942(06)00037-4

doi: 10.1016/j.berh.2006.03.007

Best Practice & Research Clinical Rheumatology
Volume 20, Issue 3 , Pages 473-486 , June 2006

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution