Best Practice & Research Clinical Rheumatology
Volume 20, Issue 5 , Pages 879-896 , October 2006

Is IL-1 a good therapeutic target in the treatment of arthritis?

  • Danielle Burger, PhD (Senior Researcher)

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author: Tel.: +41 22 372 93 76; Fax: +41 22 372 93 69.
  • Cem Gabay, MD (Professor, Head of the Division of Rheumatology)

References 

  1. Dinarello CA. Biologic basis for interleukin-1 in disease. Blood. 1996;87:2095–2147
  2. Black RA, Kronheim SR, Cantrell M, et al. Generation of biologically active interleukin-1 beta by proteolytic cleavage of the inactive precursor. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1988;263:9437–9442
  3. Niki Y, Yamada H, Kikuchi T, et al. Membrane-associated IL-1 contributes to chronic synovitis and cartilage destruction in human IL-1 alpha transgenic mice. Journal of Immunology. 2004;172:577–584
  4. Stevenson FT, Turck J, Locksley RM, Lovett DH. The N-terminal propiece of interleukin 1 alpha is a transforming nuclear oncoprotein. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 1997;94:508–513
  5. Pollock AS, Turck J, Lovett DH. The prodomain of interleukin 1alpha interacts with elements of the RNA processing apparatus and induces apoptosis in malignant cells. The FASEB Journal. 2003;17:203–213
  6. Hu B, Wang S, Zhang Y, et al. A nuclear target for interleukin-1alpha: interaction with the growth suppressor necdin modulates proliferation and collagen expression. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2003;100:10008–10013
  7. Werman A, Werman-Venkert R, White R, et al. The precursor form of IL-1alpha is an intracrine proinflammatory activator of transcription. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2004;101:2434–2439
  8. Steinkasserer A, Spurr NK, Cox S, et al. The human IL-1 receptor antagonist gene (IL1RN) maps to chromosome 2q14-q21, in the region of the IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta loci. Genomics. 1992;13:654–657
  9. Patterson D, Jones C, Hart I, et al. The human interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL1RN) gene is located in the chromosome 2q14 region. Genomics. 1993;15:173–176
  10. Eisenberg SP, Brewer MT, Verderber E, et al. Interleukin 1 receptor antagonist is a member of the interleukin 1 gene family: evolution of a cytokine control mechanism. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA. 1991;88:5232–5236
  11. Colotta F, Dower SK, Sims JE, Mantovani A. The type II ‘decoy' receptor: a novel regulatory pathway for interleukin 1. Immunology Today. 1994;15:562–566
  12. Smith DE, Hanna R, Della F, et al. The soluble form of IL-1 receptor accessory protein enhances the ability of soluble type II IL-1 receptor to inhibit IL-1 action. Immunity. 2003;18:87–96
  13. Burger D, Chicheportiche R, Giri JG, Dayer JM. The inhibitory activity of human interleukin-1 receptor antagonist is enhanced by type II interleukin-1 soluble receptor and hindered by type I interleukin-1 soluble receptor. The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1995;96:38–41
  14. Dunn E, Sims JE, Nicklin MJ, O'Neill LA. Annotating genes with potential roles in the immune system: six new members of the IL-1 family. Trends in Immunology. 2001;22:533–536
  15. Sims JE, Nicklin MJ, Bazan JF, et al. A new nomenclature for IL-1-family genes. Trends in Immunology. 2001;22:536–537
  16. Bufler P, Azam T, Gamboni-Robertson F, et al. A complex of the IL-1 homologue IL-1F7b and IL-18-binding protein reduces IL-18 activity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA. 2002;99:13723–13728
  17. Towne JE, Garka KE, Renshaw BR, et al. Interleukin (IL)-1F6, IL-1F8, and IL-1F9 signal through IL-1Rrp2 and IL-1RAcP to activate the pathway leading to NF-kappaB and MAPKs. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2004;279:13677–13688
  18. Schmitz J, Owyang A, Oldham E, et al. IL-33, an interleukin-1-like cytokine that signals via the IL-1 receptor-related protein ST2 and induces T helper type 2-associated cytokines. Immunity. 2005;23:479–490
  19. Mizel SB, Dayer JM, Krane SM, Mergenhagen SE. Stimulation of rheumatoid synovial cell collagenase and prostaglandin production by partially purified lymphocyte-activating factor (interleukin 1). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA. 1981;78:2474–2477
  20. Dayer JM, De Rochemonteix B, Burrus B, et al. Human recombinant interleukin 1 stimulates collagenase and prostaglandin E2 production by human synovial cells. The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1986;77:645–648
  21. Dayer JM, Beutler B, Cerami A. Cachectin/tumor necrosis factor stimulates collagenase and prostaglandin E2 production by human synovial cells and dermal fibroblasts. The Journal of Experimental Medicine. 1985;162:2163–2168
  22. Pettipher ER, Henderson B, Moncada S, Higgs GA. Leucocyte infiltration and cartilage proteoglycan loss in immune arthritis in the rabbit. British Journal of Pharmacology. 1988;95:169–176
  23. Henderson B, Pettipher ER. Comparison of the in vivo inflammatory activities after intra-articular injection of natural and recombinant IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta in the rabbit. Biochemical Pharmacology. 1988;37:4171–4176
  24. Feige U, Karbowski A, Rordorf-Adam C, Pataki A. Arthritis induced by continuous infusion of hr-interleukin-1 alpha into the rabbit knee-joint. International Journal of Tissue Reactions. 1989;11:225–238
  25. Chandrasekhar S, Harvey AK, Hrubey PS, Bendele AM. Arthritis induced by interleukin-1 is dependent on the site and frequency of intraarticular injection. Clinical Immunology and Immunopathology. 1990;55:382–400
  26. van Lent PL, van de Loo FA, Holthuysen AE, et al. Major role for interleukin 1 but not for tumor necrosis factor in early cartilage damage in immune complex arthritis in mice. The Journal of Rheumatology. 1995;22:2250–2258
  27. van de Loo FA, Joosten LA, van Lent PL, et al. Role of interleukin-1, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and interleukin-6 in cartilage proteoglycan metabolism and destruction. Effect of in situ blocking in murine antigen- and zymosan-induced arthritis. Arthritis and Rheumatism. 1995;38:164–172
  28. Gabay C, Marinova-Mutafchieva L, Williams RO, et al. Increased production of intracellular interleukin-1 receptor antagonist type I in the synovium of mice with collagen-induced arthritis: a possible role in the resolution of arthritis. Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2001;44:451–462
  29. Henderson B, Pettipher ER. Arthritogenic actions of recombinant IL-1 and tumour necrosis factor alpha in the rabbit: evidence for synergistic interactions between cytokines in vivo. Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 1989;75:306–310
  30. Ghivizzani SC, Lechman ER, Tio C, et al. Direct retrovirus-mediated gene transfer to the synovium of the rabbit knee: implications for arthritis gene therapy. Gene Therapy. 1997;4:977–982
  31. Ghivizzani SC, Kang R, Georgescu HI, et al. Constitutive intra-articular expression of human IL-1 beta following gene transfer to rabbit synovium produces all major pathologies of human rheumatoid arthritis. Journal of Immunology. 1997;159:3604–3612
  32. van den Berg WB, Joosten LA, Kollias G, van de Loo FA. Role of tumour necrosis factor alpha in experimental arthritis: separate activity of interleukin 1beta in chronicity and cartilage destruction. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 1999;58(supplement 1):I40–I48
  33. Ulfgren AK, Grondal L, Lindblad S, et al. Interindividual and intra-articular variation of proinflammatory cytokines in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: potential implications for treatment. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2000;59:439–447
  34. Firestein GS, Alvaro-Gracia JM, Maki R. Quantitative analysis of cytokine gene expression in rheumatoid arthritis. Journal of Immunology. 1990;144:3347–3353
  35. Burger D, Roux-Lombard P, Chizzolini C, Dayer JM. Cell-cell contact in chronic inflammation: the importance to cytokine regulation in tissue destruction and repair. In:  van den Berg WB,  Miossec P editor. Cytokines and Joint Injury. Basel: Birkhäuser Verlag; 2004;pp. 165–188
  36. Hyka N, Dayer JM, Modoux C, et al. Apolipoprotein A-I inhibits the production of interleukin-1beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha by blocking contact-mediated activation of monocytes by T lymphocytes. Blood. 2001;97:2381–2389
  37. Agostini L, Martinon F, Burns K, et al. NALP3 forms an IL-1beta-processing inflammasome with increased activity in Muckle-Wells autoinflammatory disorder. Immunity. 2004;20:319–325
  38. Petrilli V, Papin S, Tschopp J. The inflammasome. Current Biology: CB. 2005;15:R581
  39. Balavoine JF, De Rochemonteix B, Williamson K, et al. Prostaglandin E2 and collagenase production by fibroblasts and synovial cells is regulated by urine-derived human interleukin 1 and inhibitor(s). The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1986;78:1120–1124
  40. Arend WP, Joslin FG, Massoni RJ. Effects of immune complexes on production by human monocytes of interleukin 1 or an interleukin 1 inhibitor. Journal of Immunology. 1985;134:3868–3875
  41. Seckinger P, Isaaz S, Dayer JM. A human inhibitor of tumor necrosis factor α. The Journal of Experimental Medicine. 1988;167:1511–1516
  42. Seckinger P, Zhang JH, Hauptmann B, Dayer JM. Characterization of a tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) inhibitor: evidence of immunological cross-reactivity with the TNF receptor. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA. 1990;87:5188–5192
  43. Engelmann H, Aderka D, Rubinstein M, et al. A tumor necrosis factor-binding protein purified to homogeneity from human urine protects cells from tumor necrosis factor toxicity. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1989;264:11974–11980
  44. Olsson I, Lantz M, Nilsson E, et al. Isolation and characterization of a tumor necrosis factor binding protein from urine. European Journal of Haematology. 1989;42:270–275
  45. Seckinger P, Lowenthal JW, Williamson K, et al. A urine inhibitor of interleukin 1 activity that blocks ligand binding. Journal of Immunology. 1987;139:1546–1549
  46. Hannum CH, Wilcox CJ, Arend WP, et al. Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist activity of a human interleukin-1 inhibitor. Nature. 1990;343:336–340
  47. Eisenberg SP, Evans RJ, Arend WP, et al. Primary structure and functional expression from complementary DNA of a human interleukin-1 receptor antagonist. Nature. 1990;343:341–346
  48. Mazzei GJ, Seckinger PL, Dayer JM, Shaw AR. Purification and characterization of a 26-kDa competitive inhibitor of interleukin 1. European Journal of Immunology. 1990;20:683–689
  49. Carter DB, Deibel MR, Dunn CJ, et al. Purification, cloning, expression and biological characterization of an interleukin-1 receptor antagonist protein. Nature. 1990;344:633–638
  50. Prieur AM, Kaufmann MT, Griscelli C, Dayer JM. Specific interleukin-1 inhibitor in serum and urine of children with systemic juvenile chronic arthritis. Lancet. 1987;2:1240–1242
  51. Seckinger P, Klein Nulend J, Alander C, et al. Natural and recombinant human IL-1 receptor antagonists block the effects of IL-1 on bone resorption and prostaglandin production. Journal of Immunology. 1990;145:4181–4184
  52. Arend WP, Welgus HG, Thompson RC, Eisenberg SP. Biological properties of recombinant human monocyte-derived interleukin 1 receptor antagonist. The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1990;85:1694–1697
  53. Fischer E, Marano MA, Barber AE, et al. Comparison between effects of interleukin-1 alpha administration and sublethal endotoxemia in primates. American Journal of Physiology. 1991;261:R442–R452
  54. Granowitz EV, Vannier E, Poutsiaka DD, Dinarello CA. Effect of interleukin-1 (IL-1) blockade on cytokine synthesis: II. IL-1 receptor antagonist inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced cytokine synthesis by human monocytes. Blood. 1992;79:2364–2369
  55. Kim DC, Reitz B, Carmichael DF, Bloedow DC. Kidney as a major clearance organ for recombinant human interleukin-1 receptor antagonist. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 1995;84:575–580
  56. Yang BB, Baughman S, Sullivan JT. Pharmacokinetics of anakinra in subjects with different levels of renal function. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 2003;74:85–94
  57. Garat C, Arend WP. Intracellular IL-1Ra type 1 inhibits IL-1-induced IL-6 and IL-8 production in Caco-2 intestinal epithelial cells through inhibition of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and NF-kappaB pathways. Cytokine. 2003;23:31–40
  58. Banda NK, Guthridge C, Sheppard D, et al. Intracellular IL-1 receptor antagonist type 1 inhibits IL-1-induced cytokine production in keratinocytes through binding to the third component of the COP9 signalosome. Journal of Immunology. 2005;174:3608–3616
  59. Merhi-Soussi F, Berti M, Wehrle-Haller B, Gabay C. Intracellular interleukin-1 receptor antagonist type 1 antagonizes the stimulatory effect of interleukin-1alpha precursor on cell motility. Cytokine. 2005;32:163–170
  60. Miller LC, Lynch EA, Isa S, et al. Balance of synovial fluid IL-1 beta and IL-1 receptor antagonist and recovery from Lyme arthritis. Lancet. 1993;341:146–148
  61. Deleuran BW, Chu CQ, Field M, et al. Localization of interleukin-1 alpha, type 1 interleukin-1 receptor and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist in the synovial membrane and cartilage/pannus junction in rheumatoid arthritis. British Journal of Rheumatology. 1992;31:801–809
  62. Hirsch E, Irikura VM, Paul SM, Hirsh D. Functions of interleukin 1 receptor antagonist in gene knockout and overproducing mice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA. 1996;93:11008–11013
  63. Merhi-Soussi F, Kwak BR, Magne D, et al. Interleukin-1 plays a major role in vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis in male apolipoprotein E-knockout mice. Cardiovascular Research. 2005;66:583–593
  64. Ma Y, Thornton S, Boivin GP, et al. Altered susceptibility to collagen-induced arthritis in transgenic mice with aberrant expression of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist. Arthritis and Rheumatism. 1998;41:1798–1805
  65. Nicklin MJ, Hughes DE, Barton JL, et al. Arterial inflammation in mice lacking the interleukin 1 receptor antagonist gene. The Journal of Experimental Medicine. 2000;191:303–312
  66. Horai R, Saijo S, Tanioka H, et al. Development of chronic inflammatory arthropathy resembling rheumatoid arthritis in interleukin 1 receptor antagonist-deficient mice. The Journal of Experimental Medicine. 2000;191:313–320
  67. Nakae S, Asano M, Horai R, et al. IL-1 enhances T cell-dependent antibody production through induction of CD40 ligand and OX40 on T cells. Journal of Immunology. 2001;167:90–97
  68. Nakae S, Saijo S, Horai R, et al. IL-17 production from activated T cells is required for the spontaneous development of destructive arthritis in mice deficient in IL-1 receptor antagonist. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA. 2003;100:5986–5990
  69. Shepherd J, Nicklin MJ. Elastic-vessel arteritis in interleukin-1 receptor antagonist-deficient mice involves effector Th1 cells and requires interleukin-1 receptor. Circulation. 2005;111:3135–3140
  70. Juge-Aubry CE, Somm E, Giusti V, et al. Adipose tissue is a major source of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist: upregulation in obesity and inflammation. Diabetes. 2003;52:1104–1110
  71. Juge-Aubry CE, Somm E, Chicheportiche R, et al. Regulatory effects of interleukin (IL)-1, interferon-beta, and IL-4 on the production of IL-1 receptor antagonist by human adipose tissue. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2004;89:2652–2658
  72. Meier CA, Chicheportiche R, Juge-Aubry CE, et al. Regulation of the interleukin-1 receptor antagonist in THP-1 cells by ligands of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma. Cytokine. 2002;18:320–328
  73. Arner EC, Harris RR, DiMeo TM, et al. Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist inhibits proteoglycan breakdown in antigen-induced but not polycation-induced arthritis in the rabbit. The Journal of Rheumatology. 1995;22:1338–1346
  74. Joosten LA, Helsen MM, van de Loo FA, van den Berg WB. Anticytokine treatment of established type II collagen-induced arthritis in DBA/1 mice. A comparative study using anti-TNF alpha, anti-IL-1 alpha/beta, and IL-1Ra. Arthritis and Rheumatism. 1996;39:797–809
  75. Joosten LA, Helsen MM, Saxne T, et al. IL-1 alpha beta blockade prevents cartilage and bone destruction in murine type II collagen-induced arthritis, whereas TNF-alpha blockade only ameliorates joint inflammation. Journal of Immunology. 1999;163:5049–5055
  76. Bandara G, Mueller GM, Galea-Lauri J, et al. Intraarticular expression of biologically active interleukin 1- receptor-antagonist protein by ex vivo gene transfer. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA. 1993;90:10764–10768
  77. Hung GL, Galea-Lauri J, Mueller GM, et al. Suppression of intra-articular responses to interleukin-1 by transfer of the interleukin-1 receptor antagonist gene to synovium. Gene Therapy. 1994;1:64–69
  78. Otani K, Nita I, Macaulay W, et al. Suppression of antigen-induced arthritis in rabbits by ex vivo gene therapy. Journal of Immunology. 1996;156:3558–3562
  79. Makarov SS, Olsen JC, Johnston WN, et al. Suppression of experimental arthritis by gene transfer of interleukin 1 receptor antagonist cDNA. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA. 1996;93:402–406
  80. Bakker AC, Joosten LA, Arntz OJ, et al. Prevention of murine collagen-induced arthritis in the knee and ipsilateral paw by local expression of human interleukin-1 receptor antagonist protein in the knee. Arthritis and Rheumatism. 1997;40:893–900
  81. Nguyen KH, Boyle DL, McCormack JE, et al. Direct synovial gene transfer with retroviral vectors in rat adjuvant arthritis. The Journal of Rheumatology. 1998;25:1118–1125
  82. Ghivizzani SC, Lechman ER, Kang R, et al. Direct adenovirus-mediated gene transfer of interleukin 1 and tumor necrosis factor alpha soluble receptors to rabbit knees with experimental arthritis has local and distal anti-arthritic effects. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA. 1998;95:4613–4618
  83. Oligino T, Ghivizzani S, Wolfe D, et al. Intra-articular delivery of a herpes simplex virus IL-1Ra gene vector reduces inflammation in a rabbit model of arthritis. Gene Therapy. 1999;6:1713–1720
  84. Pan RY, Chen SL, Xiao X, et al. Therapy and prevention of arthritis by recombinant adeno-associated virus vector with delivery of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist. Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2000;43:289–297
  85. Palmer G, Talabot-Ayer D, Szalay-Quinodoz L, et al. Mice transgenic for intracellular interleukin-1 receptor antagonist type 1 are protected from collagen-induced arthritis. European Journal of Immunology. 2003;33:434–440
  86. Bresnihan B, Alvaro-Gracia JM, Cobby M, et al. Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with recombinant human interleukin-1 receptor antagonist. Arthritis and Rheumatism. 1998;41:2196–2204
  87. Jiang Y, Genant HK, Watt I, et al. A multicenter, double-blind, dose-ranging, randomized, placebo-controlled study of recombinant human interleukin-1 receptor antagonist in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: radiologic progression and correlation of Genant and Larsen scores. Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2000;43:1001–1009
  88. Cohen S, Hurd E, Cush J, et al. Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with anakinra, a recombinant human interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra), in combination with methotrexate. Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2002;46:614–624
  89. Cohen SB, Woolley JM, Chan W. Interleukin 1 receptor antagonist anakinra improves functional status in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The Journal of Rheumatology. 2003;30:225–231
  90. Cohen SB, Strand V, Aguilar D, Ofman JJ. Patient- versus physician-reported outcomes in rheumatoid arthritis patients treated with recombinant interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (anakinra) therapy. Rheumatology (Oxford, England). 2004;43:704–711
  91. Genovese MC, Cohen S, Moreland L, et al. Combination therapy with etanercept and anakinra in the treatment of patients with rheumatoid arthritis who have been treated unsuccessfully with methotrexate. Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2004;50:1412–1419
  92. Schiff MH. Lack of response to anakinra in rheumatoid arthritis following failure of tumor necrosis factor alpha blockade: comment on the article by Buch et al. Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2005;52:364–365
  93. Pascual V, Allantaz F, Arce E, et al. Role of interleukin-1 (IL-1) in the pathogenesis of systemic onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis and clinical response to IL-1 blockade. The Journal of Experimental Medicine. 2005;201:1479–1486
  94. Fitzgerald AA, Leclercq SA, Yan A, et al. Rapid responses to anakinra in patients with refractory adult-onset Still's disease. Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2005;52:1794–1803
  95. Vasques Godinho FM, Parreira Santos MJ, Canas da Silva J. Refractory adult onset Still's disease successfully treated with anakinra. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2005;64:647–648
  96. Tan AL, Marzo-Ortega H, O'Connor P, et al. Efficacy of anakinra in active ankylosing spondylitis: a clinical and magnetic resonance imaging study. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2004;63:1041–1045
  97. Haibel H, Rudwaleit M, Listing J, Sieper J. Open label trial of anakinra in active ankylosing spondylitis over 24 weeks. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2005;64:296–298
  98. Moosig F, Zeuner R, Renk C, Schroder JO. IL-1RA in refractory systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus. 2004;13:605–606
  99. Ostendorf B, Iking-Konert C, Kurz K, et al. Preliminary results of safety and efficacy of the interleukin 1 receptor antagonist anakinra in patients with severe lupus arthritis. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2005;64:630–633
  100. Chevalier X, Goupille P, Conrozier T, et al. Résultats d'une étude multicentrique réalisée en double insu vs placebo d'une administration intraarticulaire unique d'anakinra (Kineret) chez des patients atteints de gonarthrose. Revue du Rhumatisme. 2005;72:908
  101. Dinarello CA. IL-1beta. In:  Oppenheim JJ,  Feldmann M editor. Cytokine Reference. London: Academic Press; 2000;pp. 351–374
  102. Crown J, Jakubowski A, Gabrilove J. Interleukin-1: biological effects in human hematopoiesis. Leukemia and Lymphoma. 1993;9:433–440
  103. Crown J, Jakubowski A, Kemeny N, et al. A phase I trial of recombinant human interleukin-1 beta alone and in combination with myelosuppressive doses of 5-fluorouracil in patients with gastrointestinal cancer. Blood. 1991;78:1420–1427
  104. Nemunaitis J, Appelbaum FR, Lilleby K, et al. Phase I study of recombinant interleukin-1 beta in patients undergoing autologous bone marrow transplant for acute myelogenous leukemia. Blood. 1994;83:3473–3479
  105. Ogilvie AC, Hack CE, Wagstaff J, et al. IL-1 beta does not cause neutrophil degranulation but does lead to IL-6, IL-8, and nitrite/nitrate release when used in patients with cancer. Journal of Immunology. 1996;156:389–394
  106. Martinon F, Agostini L, Meylan E, Tschopp J. Identification of bacterial muramyl dipeptide as activator of the NALP3/cryopyrin inflammasome. Current Biology: CB. 2004;14:1929–1934
  107. Hawkins PN, Lachmann HJ, McDermott MF. Interleukin-1-receptor antagonist in the Muckle-Wells syndrome. The New England Journal of Medicine. 2003;348:2583–2584
  108. Hoffman HM, Patel DD. Genomic-based therapy: targeting interleukin-1 for autoinflammatory diseases. Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2004;50:345–349
  109. Arostegui JI, Aldea A, Modesto C, et al. Clinical and genetic heterogeneity among Spanish patients with recurrent autoinflammatory syndromes associated with the CIAS1/PYPAF1/NALP3 gene. Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2004;50:4045–4050
  110. Drewe E, Huggins ML, Morgan AG, et al. Treatment of renal amyloidosis with etanercept in tumour necrosis factor receptor-associated periodic syndrome. Rheumatology (Oxford, England). 2004;43:1405–1408
  111. Nowlan ML, Drewe E, Bulsara H, et al. Systemic cytokine levels and the effects of etanercept in TNF receptor-associated periodic syndrome (TRAPS) involving a C33Y mutation in TNFRSF1A. Rheumatology (Oxford, England). 2006;45:31–37
  112. Arkwright PD, McDermott MF, Houten SM, et al. Hyper IgD syndrome (HIDS) associated with in vitro evidence of defective monocyte TNFRSF1A shedding and partial response to TNF receptor blockade with etanercept. Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 2002;130:484–488
  113. Shoham NG, Centola M, Mansfield E, et al. Pyrin binds the PSTPIP1/CD2BP1 protein, defining familial Mediterranean fever and PAPA syndrome as disorders in the same pathway. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA. 2003;100:13501–13506
  114. Simon A, Bodar EJ, van der Hilst JC, et al. Beneficial response to interleukin 1 receptor antagonist in traps. The American Journal of Medicine. 2004;117:208–210
  115. Martinez-Taboada VM, Fontalba A, Blanco R, Fernandez-Luna JL. Successful treatment of refractory Schnitzler syndrome with anakinra: comment on the article by Hawkins et al. Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2005;52:2226–2227
  116. de Koning HD, Bodar EJ, Simon A, et al. Beneficial response to anakinra and thalidomide in Schnitzler's syndrome. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2006;65:542–544
  117. Dower SK, Fanslow W, Jacobs C, et al. Interleukin-I antagonists. Therapeutic Immunology. 1994;1:113–122
  118. Drevlow BE, Lovis R, Haag MA, et al. Recombinant human interleukin-1 receptor type I in the treatment of patients with active rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis and Rheumatism. 1996;39:257–265
  119. Arend WP, Malyak M, Smith MF, et al. Binding of IL-1 alpha, IL-1 beta, and IL-1 receptor antagonist by soluble IL-1 receptor antagonist by soluble IL-1 receptors and levels of soluble IL-1 receptors in synovial fluids. Journal of Immunology. 1994;153:4766–4774
  120. Dawson J, Engelhardt P, Kastelic T, et al. Effects of soluble interleukin-1 type II receptor on rabbit antigen-induced arthritis: clinical, biochemical and histological assessment. Rheumatology (Oxford, England). 1999;38:401–406
  121. Bessis N, Guery L, Mantovani A, et al. The type II decoy receptor of IL-1 inhibits murine collagen-induced arthritis. European Journal of Immunology. 2001;30:867–875
  122. Attur MG, Dave MN, Leung MY, et al. Functional genomic analysis of type II IL-1beta decoy receptor: potential for gene therapy in human arthritis and inflammation. Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md.: 1950). 2002;168:2001–2010
  123. Economides AN, Carpenter LR, Rudge JS, et al. Cytokine traps: multi-component, high-affinity blockers of cytokine action. Nature Medicine. 2003;9:47–52
  124. Guler HP, Caldwell J, Littlejohn T, et al. A phase I, single dose escalation study of IL-1 Trap in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2001;44:S370
  125. Canna S, Gelabert A, Aksentijjevich I, et al. Treatment of 4 patients with cryopyrin-associated periodic syndromes with the long-acting IL-1 inhibitor Il-1 trap. Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2005;52:S274
  126. Plater-Zyberk C, Joosten LA, Helsen MM, et al. Therapeutic effect of neutralizing endogenous IL-18 activity in the collagen-induced model of arthritis. The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 2001;108:1825–1832
  127. Ku G, Faust T, Lauffer LL, et al. Interleukin-1 beta converting enzyme inhibition blocks progression of type II collagen-induced arthritis in mice. Cytokine. 1996;8:377–386
  128. Pavelka K, Rasmussen MJ, Mikkelsen K, et al. Clinical effects of palnacasan (PRAL), an orally-active interleukin-1 beta converting enzyme (ICE) inhibitor, in a 285 patient phase II trial in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2002;46:LB02
  129. Chevalier X, Giraudeau B, Conrozier T, et al. Safety study of intraarticular injection of interleukin 1 receptor antagonist in patients with painful knee osteoarthritis: a multicenter study. The Journal of Rheumatology. 2005;32:1317–1323
  130. Hoffman HM, Rosengren S, Boyle DL, et al. Prevention of cold-associated acute inflammation in familial cold autoinflammatory syndrome by interleukin-1 receptor antagonist. Lancet. 2004;364:1779–1785
  131. Hawkins PN, Lachmann HJ, Aganna E, McDermott MF. Spectrum of clinical features in Muckle-Wells syndrome and response to anakinra. Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2004;50:607–612
  132. Frenkel J, Wulffraat NM, Kuis W. Anakinra in mutation-negative NOMID/CINCA syndrome: comment on the articles by Hawkins et al and Hoffman and Patel. Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2004;50:3738–3739
  133. Ramos E, Arostegui JI, Campuzano S, et al. Positive clinical and biochemical responses to anakinra in a 3-yr-old patient with cryopyrin-associated periodic syndrome (CAPS). Rheumatology (Oxford, England). 2005;44:1072–1073
  134. Dierselhuis MP, Frenkel J, Wulffraat NM, Boelens JJ. Anakinra for flares of pyogenic arthritis in PAPA syndrome. Rheumatology (Oxford, England). 2005;44:406–408
  135. Aksentijevich I, Nowak M, Mallah M, et al. De novo CIAS1 mutations, cytokine activation, and evidence for genetic heterogeneity in patients with neonatal-onset multisystem inflammatory disease (NOMID): a new member of the expanding family of pyrin-associated autoinflammatory diseases. Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2002;46:3340–3348
  136. Hull KM, Shoham N, Chae JJ, et al. The expanding spectrum of systemic autoinflammatory disorders and their rheumatic manifestations. Current Opinion in Rheumatology. 2003;15:61–69
  137. Magne D, Palmer G, Barton JL, et al. The new IL-1 family member IL-1F8 stimulates production of inflammatory mediators by synovial fibroblasts and articular chondrocytes. Arthritis Research and Therapy. 2006;8:R80

PII: S1521-6942(06)00078-7

doi: 10.1016/j.berh.2006.06.004

Best Practice & Research Clinical Rheumatology
Volume 20, Issue 5 , Pages 879-896 , October 2006