Best Practice & Research Clinical Rheumatology
Volume 21, Issue 1 , Pages 191-204 , February 2007

Public health perspective – how to improve the musculoskeletal health of the population

  • Stefan Bergman, MD, PhD (Research Director)

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationTel.: +46 35 263 5253; Fax: +46 35 263 5255.

References 

  1. WHO . The World Health Report 2002. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organisation; 2002;
  2. Woolf AD, Pfleger B. Burden of major musculoskeletal conditions. Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2003;81(9):646–656
  3. Lidgren L. The bone and joint decade 2000-2010. Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2003;81(9):629
  4. European Action Towards Better Musculoskeletal Health: A Public Health Strategy to Reduce the Burden of Musculoskeletal Conditions. A Bone and Joint Decade Report, 2004. The European Bone and Joint Health Strategies Project. The Bone and Joint Decade Lund, Sweden. Available at: http://ec. europa.eu/health/ph_projects/2000/promotion/fp_promotion_2000_frep_15_en.pdf.
  5. Badley EM, Rasooly I, Webster GK. Relative importance of musculoskeletal disorders as a cause of chronic health problems, disability, and health care utilization: findings from the 1990 Ontario Health Survey. Journal of Rheumatology. 1994;21(3):505–514
  6. Andersson HI, Ejlertsson G, Leden I, Rosenberg C. Chronic pain in a geographically defined general population: studies of differences in age, gender, social class, and pain localization. Clinical Journal of Pain. 1993;9(3):174–182
  7. Bergman S, Herrström P, Högstrom K, et al. Chronic musculoskeletal pain, prevalence rates, and sociodemographic associations in a Swedish population study. Journal of Rheumatology. 2001;28(6):1369–1377
  8. Croft P, Rigby AS, Boswell R, et al. The prevalence of chronic widespread pain in the general population. Journal of Rheumatology. 1993;20(4):710–713
  9. Mikkelsson M, Salminen JJ, Kautiainen H. Non-specific musculoskeletal pain in preadolescents. Prevalence and 1-year persistence. Pain. 1997;73(1):29–35
  10. van Tulder M, Koes B, Bombardier C. Low back pain. Best Practice and Research. Clinical Rheumatology. 2002;16(5):761–775
  11. Petersson IF, Jacobsson LT. Osteoarthritis of the peripheral joints. Best Practice and Research. Clinical Rheumatology. 2002;16(5):741–760
  12. Saraux A, Guedes C, Allain J, et al. Prevalence of rheumatoid arthritis and spondyloarthropathy in Brittany, France. Societe de Rhumatologie de l'Ouest. Journal of Rheumatology. 1999;26(12):2622–2627
  13. Simonsson M, Bergman S, Jacobsson LT, et al. The prevalence of rheumatoid arthritis in Sweden. Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology. 1999;28(6):340–343
  14. Kujala UM, Taimela S, Viljanen T. Leisure physical activity and various pain symptoms among adolescents. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 1999;33(5):325–328
  15. Patel DR, Nelson TL. Sports injuries in adolescents. Medical Clinics of North America. 2000;84(4):983–1007viii
  16. Garrick JG, Requa RK. Sports and fitness activities: the negative consequences. Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. 2003;11(6):439–443
  17. Gillespie LD, Gillespie WJ, Robertson MC, et al. Interventions for preventing falls in elderly people. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2003;(4):CD000340
  18. Bergman S. Psychosocial aspects of chronic widespread pain and fibromyalgia. Disability and Rehabilitation. 2005;27(12):675–683
  19. WHO . International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health. Geneva: World Health Organisation; 2001;
  20. Ware JE, Gandek B. Overview of the SF-36 Health Survey and the International Quality of Life Assessment (IQOLA) Project. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. 1998;51(11):903–912
  21. Becker N, Bondegaard Thomsen A, Olsen AK, et al. Pain epidemiology and health related quality of life in chronic non-malignant pain patients referred to a Danish multidisciplinary pain center. Pain. 1997;73(3):393–400
  22. Månsson NO, Råstam L, Adolfsson A. Disability pension in Malmohus county: aspects on long-term financial effects. Scandinavian Journal of Social Medicine. 1998;26(2):102–105
  23. Brage S, Nygard JF, Tellnes G. The gender gap in musculoskeletal-related long-term sickness absence in Norway. Scandinavian Journal of Social Medicine. 1998;26(1):34–43
  24. De Inocencio J. Epidemiology of musculoskeletal pain in primary care. Archives of Disease in Childhood. 2004;89(5):431–434
  25. Andersson HI, Ejlertsson G, Leden I, Schersten B. Musculoskeletal chronic pain in general practice. Studies of health care utilisation in comparison with pain prevalence. Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care. 1999;17(2):87–92
  26. Bergman S, Jacobsson LT, Herrstrom P, Petersson IF. Health status as measured by SF-36 reflects changes and predicts outcome in chronic musculoskeletal pain: a 3-year follow up study in the general population. Pain. 2004;108(1-2):115–123
  27. McBeth J, Macfarlane GJ, Benjamin S, Silman AJ. Features of somatization predict the onset of chronic widespread pain: results of a large population-based study. Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2001;44(4):940–946
  28. Birrell F, Croft P, Cooper C, et al. Health impact of pain in the hip region with and without radiographic evidence of osteoarthritis: a study of new attenders to primary care. The PCR Hip Study Group. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2000;59(11):857–863
  29. Dieppe PA, Lohmander LS. Pathogenesis and management of pain in osteoarthritis. Lancet. 2005;365(9463):965–973
  30. Badley EM, Crotty M. An international comparison of the estimated effect of the aging of the population on the major cause of disablement, musculoskeletal disorders. Journal of Rheumatology. 1995;22(10):1934–1940
  31. White KP, Harth M. The occurrence and impact of generalized pain. Baillieres Best Practice and Research. Clinical Rheumatology. 1999;13(3):379–389
  32. Das CP, Joseph S. Falls in elderly. Journal of the Indian Medical Association. 2005;103(3):136;138, 140 passim
  33. Robitaille Y, Laforest S, Fournier M, et al. Moving forward in fall prevention: an intervention to improve balance among older adults in real-world settings. American Journal of Public Health. 2005;95(11):2049–2056
  34. Choi JH, Moon JS, Song R. Effects of Sun-style Tai Chi exercise on physical fitness and fall prevention in fall-prone older adults. Journal of Advanced Nursing. 2005;51(2):150–157
  35. Mikkelsson M, Kaprio J, Salminen JJ, et al. Widespread pain among 11-year-old Finnish twin pairs. Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2001;44(2):481–485
  36. Brattberg G. Do pain problems in young school children persist into early adulthood? A 13-year follow-up. European Journal of Pain. 2004;8(3):187–199
  37. Jacobsson L, Lindgarde F, Manthorpe R. The commonest rheumatic complaints of over six weeks' duration in a twelve-month period in a defined Swedish population. Prevalences and relationships. Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology. 1989;18(6):353–360
  38. Unruh AM. Gender variations in clinical pain experience. Pain. 1996;65(2-3):123–167
  39. Fillingim RB. Sex, gender, and pain: women and men really are different. Current Review of Pain. 2000;4(1):24–30
  40. Berkley KJ. Sex differences in pain. Behavioral and Brain Sciences. 1997;20(3):371–380
  41. Jensen I, Nygren A, Gamberale F, et al. Coping with long-term musculoskeletal pain and its consequences: is gender a factor?. Pain. 1994;57(2):167–172
  42. Koutantji M, Pearce SA, Oakley DA. The relationship between gender and family history of pain with current pain experience and awareness of pain in others. Pain. 1998;77(1):25–31
  43. SJ Linton, van Tulder MW. Preventive interventions for back and neck pain problems: what is the evidence?. Spine. 2001;26(7):778–787
  44. Thorstensson CA, Petersson IF, Jacobsson LT, et al. Reduced functional performance in the lower extremity predicted radiographic knee osteoarthritis five years later. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2004;63(4):402–407
  45. Kerse N, Elley CR, Robinson E, Arroll B. Is physical activity counseling effective for older people? A cluster randomized, controlled trial in primary care. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 2005;53(11):1951–1956
  46. Hillsdon M, Foster C, Thorogood M. Interventions for promoting physical activity. Cochrane Database Systematic Reviews. 2005;(1):CD003180
  47. Yeung EW, Yeung SS. A systematic review of interventions to prevent lower limb soft tissue running injuries. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 2001;35(6):383–389
  48. Walker-Bone K, Palmer KT. Musculoskeletal disorders in farmers and farm workers. Occupational Medicine (London). 2002;52(8):441–450
  49. Brage S, Bjerkedal T. Musculoskeletal pain and smoking in Norway. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 1996;50(2):166–169
  50. Eriksen W, Natvig B, Bruusgaard D. Smoking, heavy physical work and low back pain: a four-year prospective study. Occupational Medicine (London). 1999;49(3):155–160
  51. Palmer KT, Syddall H, Cooper C, Coggon D. Smoking and musculoskeletal disorders: findings from a British national survey. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2003;62(1):33–36
  52. Andersson H, Ejlertsson G, Leden I. Widespread musculoskeletal chronic pain associated with smoking. An epidemiological study in a general rural population. Scandinavian Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine. 1998;30(3):185–191
  53. Bergman S, Herrström P, Jacobsson LT, Petersson IF. Chronic widespread pain: a three year follow up of pain distribution and risk factors. Journal of Rheumatology. 2002;29(4):818–825
  54. Koleva M, Kostova V. Occupational and personal risk factors for musculo-skeletal disorders in fertilizer plant workers. Central European Journal of Public Health. 2003;11(1):9–13
  55. Feldman DE, Rossignol M, Shrier I, Abenhaim L. Smoking. A risk factor for development of low back pain in adolescents. Spine. 1999;24(23):2492–2496
  56. Nevitt MC, Cummings SR, Stone KL, et al. Risk factors for a first-incident radiographic vertebral fracture in women > or = 65 years of age: the study of osteoporotic fractures. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research. 2005;20(1):131–140
  57. Lane NE. Epidemiology, etiology, and diagnosis of osteoporosis. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2006;194(2 supplement):S3–S11
  58. Papadopoulos NG, Alamanos Y, Voulgari PV, et al. Does cigarette smoking influence disease expression, activity and severity in early rheumatoid arthritis patients?. Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology. 2005;23(6):861–866
  59. Nyhall-Wahlin BM, Jacobsson LT, Petersson IF, Turesson C. Smoking is a strong risk factor for rheumatoid nodules in early rheumatoid arthritis. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2006;65(5):601–606
  60. Silman AJ, Newman J, MacGregor AJ. Cigarette smoking increases the risk of rheumatoid arthritis. Results from a nationwide study of disease-discordant twins. Arthritis and Rheumatism. 1996;39(5):732–735
  61. Klareskog L, Stolt P, Lundberg K, et al. A new model for an etiology of rheumatoid arthritis: smoking may trigger HLA-DR (shared epitope)-restricted immune reactions to autoantigens modified by citrullination. Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2006;54(1):38–46
  62. Webb R, Brammah T, Lunt M, et al. Prevalence and predictors of intense, chronic, and disabling neck and back pain in the UK general population. Spine. 2003;28(11):1195–1202
  63. Larsson UE. Influence of weight loss on pain, perceived disability and observed functional limitations in obese women. International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders. 2004;28(2):269–277
  64. Callahan LF. Social epidemiology and rheumatic disease. Current Opinion in Rheumatology. 2003;15(2):110–115
  65. Hagen K, Zwart JA, Svebak S, et al. Low socioeconomic status is associated with chronic musculoskeletal complaints among 46,901 adults in Norway. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health. 2005;33(4):268–275
  66. Wilkinson RG, Pickett KE. Income inequality and population health: a review and explanation of the evidence. Social Science and Medicine. 2006;62(7):1768–1784
  67. Kilbom S, Armstrong T, Buckle P, et al. Musculoskeletal disorders: work-related risk factors and prevention. International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health. 1996;2(3):239–246
  68. Walker-Bone K, Cooper C. Hard work never hurt anyone: or did it? A review of occupational associations with soft tissue musculoskeletal disorders of the neck and upper limb. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2005;64(10):1391–1396
  69. Theorell T, Harms-Ringdahl K, Ahlberg-Hulten G, Westin B. Psychosocial job factors and symptoms from the locomotor system – a multicausal analysis. Scandinavian Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine. 1991;23(3):165–173
  70. Proper KI, Koning M, van der Beek AJ, et al. The effectiveness of worksite physical activity programs on physical activity, physical fitness, and health. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine. 2003;13(2):106–117
  71. Proper KI, Hildebrandt VH, Van der Beek AJ, et al. Effect of individual counseling on physical activity fitness and health: a randomized controlled trial in a workplace setting. American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2003;24(3):218–226
  72. Denison E, Asenlof P, Lindberg P. Self-efficacy, fear avoidance, and pain intensity as predictors of disability in subacute and chronic musculoskeletal pain patients in primary health care. Pain. 2004;111(3):245–252
  73. Boersma K, Linton SJ. Screening to identify patients at risk: profiles of psychological risk factors for early intervention. Clinical Journal of Pain. 2005;21(1):38–43[discussion 69–72]
  74. Mercado AC, Carroll LJ, Cassidy JD, Cote P. Passive coping is a risk factor for disabling neck or low back pain. Pain. 2005;117(1–2):51–57
  75. Picavet HS, Vlaeyen JW, Schouten JS. Pain catastrophizing and kinesiophobia: predictors of chronic low back pain. American Journal of Epidemiology. 2002;156(11):1028–1034
  76. Hotopf M, Mayou R, Wadsworth M, Wessely S. Temporal relationships between physical symptoms and psychiatric disorder. Results from a national birth cohort. British Journal of Psychiatry. 1998;173:255–261
  77. van Baar ME, Dekker J, Lemmens JA, et al. Pain and disability in patients with osteoarthritis of hip or knee: the relationship with articular, kinesiological, and psychological characteristics. Journal of Rheumatology. 1998;25(1):125–133
  78. Bergman S. Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain - a Multifactorial Process. Thesis: Malmö, Lund University, 2002.
  79. Irvine L, Elliott L, Wallace H, Crombie IK. A review of major influences on current public health policy in developed countries in the second half of the 20th century. Journal of the Royal Society of Health. 2006;126(2):73–78
  80. Nigg C, Maddock J, Yamauchi J, et al. The healthy Hawaii initiative: A social ecological approach promoting healthy communities. American Journal of Health Promotion. 2005;19(4):310–313
  81. Schulz A, Northridge ME. Social determinants of health: implications for environmental health promotion. Health Education and Behaviour. 2004;31(4):455–471
  82. Foster C, Hillsdon M. Changing the environment to promote health-enhancing physical activity. Journal of Sports Sciences. 2004;22(8):755–769
  83. Buchbinder R, Jolley D, Wyatt M. Population based intervention to change back pain beliefs and disability: three part evaluation. British Journal of Medicine. 2001;322(7301):1516–1520
  84. Buchbinder R, Jolley D. Population based intervention to change back pain beliefs: three year follow up population survey. British Journal of Medicine. 2004;328(7435):321

PII: S1521-6942(06)00116-1

doi: 10.1016/j.berh.2006.08.012

Best Practice & Research Clinical Rheumatology
Volume 21, Issue 1 , Pages 191-204 , February 2007