Best Practice & Research Clinical Rheumatology
Volume 21, Issue 5 , Pages 885-906 , October 2007

Comorbidities in rheumatoid arthritis

  • Kaleb Michaud, PhD (Assistant Professor of Medicine)

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986270 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6270, USA. Tel.: +1 40 559 7239; Fax: +1 402 559 2466.

References 

  1. Wolfe F, Michaud K. Data collection, maintenance, analysis for rheumatic disease research. Rheumatic Diseases Clinics of North America. 2004;30(4):753–768vi
  2. Hernández-Cruz B, Carmona L, Dolores Ruiz-Montesinos M, et al. Assessing utility values in rheumatoid arthritis: a comparison between time trade-off and the EuroQol. Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2006;55(5):751–756
  3. Marra CA, Esdaile JM, Guh D, et al. A comparison of four indirect methods of assessing utility values in rheumatoid arthritis. Medical Care. 2004;42(11):1125–1131
  4. Crowson CS, Nicola PJ, Kremers HM, et al. How much of the increased incidence of heart failure in rheumatoid arthritis is attributable to traditional cardiovascular risk factors and ischemic heart disease?. Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2005;52(10):3039–3044
  5. Charlson M, Pompei P, Ales K, MacKenzie C. A new method of classifying prognostic comorbidity in longitudinal studies: development and validation. Journal of Chronic Diseases. 1987;40(5):373–383
  6. Kaplan MH, Feinstein AR. The importance of classifying initial co-morbidity in evaluatin the outcome of diabetes mellitus. Journal of Chronic Diseases. 1974;27(7–8):387–404
  7. Von Korff M, Wagner EH, Saunders K. A chronic disease score from automated pharmacy data. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. 1992;45(2):197–203
  8. Greenfield S, Apolone G, McNeil BJ, Cleary PD. The importance of co-existent disease in the occurrence of postoperative complications and one-year recovery in patients undergoing total hip replacement. Comorbidity and outcomes after hip replacement. Medical Care. 1993;31(2):141–154
  9. Miller MD, Paradis CF, Houck PR, et al. Rating chronic medical illness burden in geropsychiatric practice and research: application of the Cumulative Illness Rating Scale. Psychiatry Research. 1992;41(3):237–248
  10. Groll DL, To T, Bombardier C, Wright JG. The development of a comorbidity index with physical function as the outcome. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. 2005;58(6):595–602
  11. Nicola PJ, Crowson CS, Maradit-Kremers H, et al. Contribution of congestive heart failure and ischemic heart disease to excess mortality in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2006;54(1):60–67
  12. Goodson N, Marks J, Lunt M, Symmons D. Cardiovascular admissions and mortality in an inception cohort of patients with rheumatoid arthritis with onset in the 1980s and 1990s. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2005;64(11):1595–1601
  13. Van Doornum S, Brand C, King B, Sundararajan V. Increased case fatality rates following a first acute cardiovascular event in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2006;54(7):2061–2068
  14. Sodergren A, Stegmayr B, Lundberg V, et al. Increased incidence of and impaired prognosis after acute myocardial infarction among patients with seropositive rheumatoid arthritis. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2007;66(2):263–266
  15. Solomon DH, Goodson NJ, Katz JN, et al. Patterns of cardiovascular risk in rheumatoid arthritis. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2006;65(12):1608–1612
  16. Wolfe F, Michaud K. Heart failure in rheumatoid arthritis: rates, predictors, the effect of anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy. American Journal of Medicine. 2004;116(5):305–311
  17. Suissa S, Bernatsky S, Hudson M. Antirheumatic drug use and the risk of acute myocardial infarction. Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2006;55(4):531–536
  18. Fischer LM, Schlienger RG, Matter C, et al. Effect of rheumatoid arthritis or systemic lupus erythematosus on the risk of first-time acute myocardial infarction. American Journal of Cardiology. 2004;93(2):198–200
  19. Watson DJ, Rhodes T, Guess HA. All-cause mortality and vascular events among patients with rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, or no arthritis in the UK General Practice Research Database. The Journal of Rheumatology. 2003;30(6):1196–1202
  20. Bleumink GS, Knetsch AM, Sturkenboom MC, et al. Quantifying the heart failure epidemic: prevalence, incidence rate, lifetime risk and prognosis of heart failure The Rotterdam Study. European Heart Journal. 2004;25(18):1614–1619
  21. Lloyd-Jones DM, Larson MG, Leip EP, et al. Lifetime risk for developing congestive heart failure: the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation. 2002;106(24):3068–3072
  22. Levy D, Kenchaiah S, Larson MG, et al. Long-term trends in the incidence of and survival with heart failure. The New England Journal Medicine. 2002;347(18):1397–1402
  23. Nicola PJ, Maradit-Kremers H, Roger VL, et al. The risk of congestive heart failure in rheumatoid arthritis: a population-based study over 46 years. Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2005;52(2):412–420
  24. Bernatsky S, Hudson M, Suissa S. Anti-rheumatic drug use and risk of hospitalization for congestive heart failure in rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2005;44(5):677–680
  25. Han C, Robinson DW, Hackett MV, et al. Cardiovascular disease and risk factors in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis. The Journal of Rheumatology. 2006;33(11):2167–2172
  26. Wolfe F, Freundlich B, Straus WL. Increase in cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease prevalence in rheumatoid arthritis. The Journal of Rheumatology. 2003;30(1):36–40
  27. Solomon DH, Karlson EW, Rimm EB, et al. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in women diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis. Circulation. 2003;107(9):1303–1307
  28. Turesson C, Jarenros A, Jacobsson L. Increased incidence of cardiovascular disease in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: results from a community based study. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2004;63(8):952–955
  29. Maradit-Kremers H, Nicola PJ, Crowson CS, et al. Cardiovascular death in rheumatoid arthritis: a population-based study. Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2005;52(3):722–732
  30. Sany J, Bourgeois P, Saraux A, et al. Characteristics of patients with rheumatoid arthritis in France: a study of 1109 patients managed by hospital based rheumatologists. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2004;63(10):1235–1240
  31. Choi HK, Hernan MA, Seeger JD, et al. Methotrexate and mortality in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a prospective study. Lancet. 2002;359(9313):1173–1177
  32. Jacobsson LT, Turesson C, Nilsson JA, et al. Treatment with TNF blockers and mortality risk in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2007;66(5):670–675
  33. Holman AJ. Considering cardiovascular mortality in patients with rheumatoid arthritis from a different perspective: a role for autonomic dysregulation and obstructive sleep apnea. The Journal of Rheumatology. 2007;34(4):671–673
  34. Carmona L, Descalzo MA, Perez-Pampin E, et al. All cause and cause-specific mortality in rheumatoid arthritis are not greater than expected when treated with TNF antagonists. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2007;
  35. Watson KD, Hyrich KL, Dixon WG, et al. All cause mortality is not increased following the use of Anti-TNF Agents in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: results from a nation-wide prospective study. Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2005;52(9 (supplement)):S229
  36. Kaplan MJ. Cardiovascular disease in rheumatoid arthritis. Current Opinion In Rheumatology. 2006;18(3):289–297
  37. Mikuls TR. Co-morbidity in rheumatoid arthritis. Best Practice & Research. Clinical Rheumatology. 2003;17(5):729–752
  38. Giles JT, Fernandes V, Lima JA, Bathon JM. Myocardial dysfunction in rheumatoid arthritis: epidemiology and pathogenesis. Arthritis Research & Therapy. 2005;7(5):195–207
  39. Mellemkjaer L, Linet MS, Gridley G, et al. Rheumatoid arthritis and cancer risk. European Journal of Cancer. 1996;32A(10):1753–1757
  40. Askling J, Fored CM, Brandt L, et al. Risks of solid cancers in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and after treatment with tumour necrosis factor antagonists. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2005;64(10):1421–1426
  41. Askling J, Fored CM, Baecklund E, et al. Haematopoietic malignancies in rheumatoid arthritis: lymphoma risk and characteristics after exposure to tumour necrosis factor antagonists. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2005;64(10):1414–1420
  42. Wolfe F, Michaud K. The effect of methotrexate and anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy on the risk of lymphoma in rheumatoid arthritis in 19,562 patients during 89,710 PERSON-YEARS of observation. Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2007;56(5):1433–1439
  43. Klareskog L, Stolt P, Lundberg K, et al. A new model for an etiology of rheumatoid arthritis: smoking may trigger HLA-DR (shared epitope)-restricted immune reactions to autoantigens modified by citrullination. Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2006;54(1):38–46
  44. Baecklund E, Iliadou A, Askling J, et al. Association of chronic inflammation, not its treatment, with increased lymphoma risk in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2006;54(3):692–701
  45. Wolfe F. Inflammatory activity, but not methotrexate or prednisone use predicts non_Hodgkin's lymphoma in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis and Rheumatism. 1998;41(supplement):S188
  46. Baecklund E, Ekbom A, Sparen P, et al. Disease activity and risk of lymphoma in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: nested case-control study. BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.). 1998;317(7152):180–181
  47. Thomas E, Symmons DP, Brewster DH, et al. National study of cause-specific mortality in rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile chronic arthritis, other rheumatic conditions: a 20 year followup study. The Journal of Rheumatology. 2003;30(5):958–965
  48. Karlson EW, Lee IM, Cook NR, et al. A retrospective cohort study of cigarette smoking and risk of rheumatoid arthritis in female health professionals. Arthritis and Rheumatism. 1999;42(5):910–917
  49. Uhlig T, Hagen KB, Kvien TK. Current tobacco smoking, formal education, the risk of rheumatoid arthritis. The Journal of Rheumatology. 1999;26(1):47–54
  50. Symmons DP, Bankhead CR, Harrison BJ, et al. Blood transfusion, smoking, obesity as risk factors for the development of rheumatoid arthritis: results from a primary care-based incident case-control study in Norfolk, England. Arthritis and Rheumatism. 1997;40(11):1955–1961
  51. Vessey MP, Villard-Mackintosh L, Yeates D. Oral contraceptives, cigarette smoking and other factors in relation to arthritis. Contraception. 1987;35(5):457–464
  52. Hernandez Avila M, Liang MH, Willett WC, et al. Reproductive factors, smoking, the risk for rheumatoid arthritis. Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.). 1990;1(4):285–291
  53. Heliovaara M, Aho K, Aromaa A, et al. Smoking and risk of rheumatoid arthritis. The Journal of Rheumatology. 1993;20(11):1830–1835
  54. Voigt LF, Deng Q, Weiss NS. Recency, duration, progestin content of oral contraceptives in relation to the incidence of endometrial cancer (Washington, USA). Cancer Causes & Control. 1994;5(3):227–233
  55. Silman AJ, Newman J, MacGregor AJ. Cigarette smoking increases the risk of rheumatoid arthritis. Results from a nationwide study of disease-discordant twins. Arthritis and Rheumatism. 1996;39(5):732–735
  56. Wolfe F. The effect of smoking on clinical, laboratory, radiographic status in rheumatoid arthritis. The Journal of Rheumatology. 2000;27(3):630–637
  57. Hutchinson D, Shepstone L, Moots R, et al. Heavy cigarette smoking is strongly associated with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), particularly in patients without a family history of RA. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2001;60(3):223–227
  58. Wolfe F, Mitchell DM, Sibley JT, et al. The mortality of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis and Rheumatism. 1994;37(4):481–494
  59. Dawson JK, Fewins HE, Desmond J, et al. Fibrosing alveolitis in patients with rheumatoid arthritis as assessed by high resolution computed tomography, chest radiography, pulmonary function tests. Thorax. 2001;56(8):622–627
  60. Fewins HE, McGowan I, Whitehouse GH, et al. High definition computed tomography in rheumatoid arthritis associated pulmonary disease. British Journal of Rheumatology. 1991;30(3):214–216
  61. Gabbay E, Tarala R, Will R, et al. Interstitial lung disease in recent onset rheumatoid arthritis. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 1997;156(2 Pt 1):528–535
  62. McDonagh J, Greaves M, Wright AR, et al. High resolution computed tomography of the lungs in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and interstitial lung disease. British Journal of Rheumatology. 1994;33(2):118–122
  63. Cortet B, Perez T, Roux N, et al. Pulmonary function tests and high resolution computed tomography of the lungs in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 1997;56(10):596–600
  64. Hubbard R, Venn A, Lewis S, Britton J. Lung cancer and cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis. A population-based cohort study. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 2000;161(1):5–8
  65. Artinian V, Kvale PA. Cancer and interstitial lung disease. Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine. 2004;10(5):425–434
  66. Geborek P, Bladström A, Turesson C, et al. Tumour necrosis factor blockers do not increase overall tumour risk in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, but may be associated with an increased risk of lymphomas. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2005;64(5):699–703
  67. Franklin J, Lunt M, Bunn D, et al. Incidence of lymphoma in a large primary care derived cohort of cases of inflammatory polyarthritis. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2006;65(5):617–622
  68. Symmons DP. Lymphoma and rheumatoid arthritis–again. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2007;46(1):1–2
  69. Setoguchi S, Solomon DH, Weinblatt ME, et al. Tumor necrosis factor alpha antagonist use and cancer in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2006;54(9):2757–2764
  70. Bongartz T, Sutton AJ, Sweeting MJ, et al. Anti-TNF antibody therapy in rheumatoid arthritis and the risk of serious infections and malignancies: systematic review and meta-analysis of rare harmful effects in randomized controlled trials. The Journal of the American Medical Association. 2006;295(19):2275–2285
  71. Madhusudan S, Foster M, Muthuramalingam SR, et al. A phase II study of etanercept (Enbrel), a tumor necrosis factor alpha inhibitor in patients with metastatic breast cancer. Clinical Cancer Research. 2004;10(19):6528–6534
  72. James WH. Hypothesis: gonadal hormones act as confounders in epidemiological studies of the associations between some behavioural risk factors and some pathological conditions. Journal of Theoretical Biology. 2001;209(1):97–102
  73. Thomas E, Brewster DH, Black RJ, Macfarlane GJ. Risk of malignancy among patients with rheumatic conditions. International Journal of Cancer. 2000;88(3):497–502
  74. Kauppi M, Pukkala E, Isomaki H. Low incidence of colorectal cancer in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology. 1996;14(5):551–553
  75. Wolfe F, Michaud K. Biologic treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and the risk of malignancy: analyses from a Large U.S. Observational Study. Arthritis and Rheumatism in press.
  76. Logan RF, Little J, Hawtin PG, Hardcastle JD. Effect of aspirin and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on colorectal adenomas: case-control study of subjects participating in the Nottingham faecal occult blood screening programme. BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.). 1993;307(6899):285–289
  77. Dube C, Rostom A, Lewin G, et al. The use of aspirin for primary prevention of colorectal cancer: a systematic review prepared for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2007;146(5):365–375
  78. Routine aspirin or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for the primary prevention of colorectal cancer: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2007;146(5):361–364
  79. Flossmann E, Rothwell PM. Effect of aspirin on long-term risk of colorectal cancer: consistent evidence from randomised and observational studies. Lancet. 2007;369(9573):1603–1613
  80. Chakravarty EF, Michaud K, Wolfe F. Skin cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, tumor necrosis factor inhibitors. The Journal of Rheumatology. 2005;32(11):2130–2135
  81. Atroshi I, Gummesson C, Johnsson R, et al. Prevalence of carpal tunnel syndrome in a general population. The Journal of the American Medical Association. 1999;282(2):153–158
  82. Wolfe F, Caplan L, Michaud K. Rheumatoid arthritis treatment and the risk of severe interstitial lung disease. Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology. 2007;
  83. Hakala M. Poor prognosis in patients with rheumatoid arthritis hospitalized for interstitial lung fibrosis. Chest. 1988;93(1):114–118
  84. Hubbard R, Venn A. The impact of coexisting connective tissue disease on survival in patients with fibrosing alveolitis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2002;41(6):676–679
  85. Turner-Warwick M, Lebowitz M, Burrows B, Johnson A. Cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis and lung cancer. Thorax. 1980;35(7):496–499
  86. Atkins SR, Matteson EL, Myers JL, et al. Morphological and quantitative assessment of mast cells in rheumatoid arthritis associated non-specific interstitial pneumonia and usual interstitial pneumonia. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2006;65(5):677–680
  87. Tanaka N, Kim JS, Newell JD, et al. Rheumatoid arthritis-related lung diseases: CT findings. Radiology. 2004;232(1):81–91
  88. Scott DL, Bradby GV, Aitman TJ, et al. Relationship of gold and penicillamine therapy to diffuse interstitial lung disease. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 1981;40(2):136–141
  89. Evans RB, Ettensohn DB, Fawaz-Estrup F, et al. Gold lung: recent developments in pathogenesis, diagnosis, therapy. Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism. 1987;16(3):196–205
  90. Soler MJ, Barroso E, Aranda FI, et al. Fatal, gold-induced pneumonitis. Rheumatology International. 2003;23(4):207–210
  91. Kay A. European League against rheumatism study of adverse reactions to D-penicillamine. British Journal of Rheumatology. 1986;25(2):193–198
  92. Shettar SP, Chattopadhyay C, Wolstenholme RJ, Swinson DR. Diffuse alveolitis on a small dose of penicillamine. British Journal of Rheumatology. 1984;23(3):220–224
  93. Wolfe F, Schurle DR, Lin JJ, et al. Upper and lower airway disease in penicillamine treated patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The Journal of Rheumatology. 1983;10(3):406–410
  94. Ulubas B, Sahin G, Ozer C, et al. Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia associated with sulfasalazine in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis. Clinical Rheumatology. 2004;23(3):249–251
  95. Hamadeh MA, Atkinson J, Smith LJ. Sulfasalazine-induced pulmonary disease. Chest. 1992;101(4):1033–1037
  96. Timmer R, Duurkens VA, van Hees PA. Sulphasalazine-induced eosinophilic pneumonia. The Netherlands Journal of Medicine. 1992;41(3–4):153–157
  97. Alarcon GS, Kremer JM, Macaluso M, et al. Risk factors for methotrexate-induced lung injury in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. A multicenter, case-control study. Methotrexate-Lung Study Group. Annals of Internal Medicine. 1997;127(5):356–364
  98. Cannon GW. Methotrexate pulmonary toxicity. Rheumatic Diseases Clinics of North America. 1997;23(4):917–937
  99. Carroll GJ, Thomas R, Phatouros CC, et al. Incidence, prevalence and possible risk factors for pneumonitis in patients with rheumatoid arthritis receiving methotrexate. The Journal of Rheumatology. 1994;21(1):51–54
  100. Rosenow EC. Drug-induced pulmonary disease. Disease-A-Month. 1994;40(5):253–310
  101. Leduc D, De Vuyst P, Lheureux P, et al. Pneumonitis complicating low-dose methotrexate therapy for rheumatoid arthritis. Discrepancies between lung biopsy and bronchoalveolar lavage findings. Chest. 1993;104(5):1620–1623
  102. Green L, Schattner A, Berkenstadt H. Severe reversible interstitial pneumonitis induced by low dose methotrexate: report of a case and review of the literature. The Journal of Rheumatology. 1988;15(1):110–112
  103. Cannon GW, Ward JR, Clegg DO, et al. Acute lung disease associated with low-dose pulse methotrexate therapy in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis and Rheumatism. 1983;26(10):1269–1274
  104. McCurry J. Japan deaths spark concerns over arthritis drug. Lancet. 2004;363(9407):461
  105. Scott DL. Interstitial lung disease and disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs. Lancet. 2004;363(9416):1239–1240
  106. Chatterjee S. Severe interstitial pneumonitis associated with infliximab therapy. Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology. 2004;33(4):276–277
  107. Kramer N, Chuzhin Y, Kaufman LD, et al. Methotrexate pneumonitis after initiation of infliximab therapy for rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2002;47(6):670–671
  108. Courtney PA, Alderdice J, Whitehead EM. Comment on methotrexate pneumonitis after initiation of infliximab therapy for rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2003;49(4):617;author reply 617–8
  109. Ostor AJ, Chilvers ER, Somerville MF, et al. Pulmonary complications of infliximab therapy in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The Journal of Rheumatology. 2006;33(3):622–628
  110. Saravanan V, Kelly CA. Reducing the risk of methotrexate pneumonitis in rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2004;43(2):143–147
  111. Committee on safety of medicines. Methotrexate and pneumonitis. 5. Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency; 2003.
  112. Kremer JM, Cannon GW. Benefit/risk of leflunomide in rheumatoid arthritis. Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology. 2004;22(5 Suppl. 35):S95–S100
  113. Roberts MA, Andrews GR, Caird FI. Skinfold thickness on the dorsum of the hand in the elderly. Age and Ageing. 1975;4(1):8–15
  114. Bendor R. Arthritis and I. Annals of Internal Medicine. 1999;131(2):150–152
  115. Douglas KM, Ladoyanni E, Treharne GJ, et al. Cutaneous abnormalities in rheumatoid arthritis compared with non-inflammatory rheumatic conditions. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2006;65(10):1341–1345
  116. Ridker PM, Cook NR, Lee IM, et al. A randomized trial of low-dose aspirin in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease in women. The New England Journal of Medicine. 2005;352(13):1293–1304
  117. Da Silva JA, Jacobs JW, Kirwan JR, et al. Safety of low dose glucocorticoid treatment in rheumatoid arthritis: published evidence and prospective trial data. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2006;65(3):285–293
  118. Klein BE, Klein R, Lee KE. Incidence of age-related cataract: the Beaver Dam Eye Study. Archives of Ophthalmology. 1998;116(2):219–225
  119. Klein BE, Klein R, Linton KL. Prevalence of age-related lens opacities in a population. The Beaver Dam Eye Study. Ophthalmology. 1992;99(4):546–552
  120. Garner SE, Fidan DD, Frankish RR, et al. Rofecoxib for rheumatoid arthritis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2005;(1):CD003685
  121. Wolfe MM, Lichtenstein DR, Singh G. Gastrointestinal toxicity of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. The New England Journal of Medicine. 1999;340(24):1888–1899
  122. Simon LS, Weaver AL, Graham DY, et al. Anti-inflammatory and upper gastrointestinal effects of celecoxib in rheumatoid arthritis: a randomized controlled trial. The Journal of the American Medical Association. 1999;282(20):1921–1928
  123. Emery P, Zeidler H, Kvien TK, et al. Celecoxib versus diclofenac in long-term management of rheumatoid arthritis: randomised double-blind comparison. Lancet. 1999;354(9196):2106–2111
  124. Goldstein JL, Silverstein FE, Agrawal NM, et al. Reduced risk of upper gastrointestinal ulcer complications with celecoxib, a novel COX-2 inhibitor. The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2000;95(7):1681–1690
  125. Langman MJ, Jensen DM, Watson DJ, et al. Adverse upper gastrointestinal effects of rofecoxib compared with NSAIDs. The Journal of the American Medical Association. 1999;282(20):1929–1933
  126. MacDonald TM, Morant SV, Robinson GC, et al. Association of upper gastrointestinal toxicity of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs with continued exposure: cohort study. BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.). 1997;315(7119):1333–1337
  127. Lanza LL, Walker AM, Bortnichak EA, Dreyer NA. Peptic ulcer and gastrointestinal hemorrhage associated with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use in patients younger than 65 years. A large health maintenance organization cohort study. Archives of Internal Medicine. 1995;155(13):1371–1377
  128. Tenenbaum J. The epidemiology of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology. 1999;13(2):119–122
  129. Langman MJ, Brooks P, Hawkey CJ, et al. Non-steroid anti-inflammatory drug associated ulcer: epidemiology, causation and treatment. European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 1991;6(5):442–449
  130. Garcia Rodriguez LA, Hernandez-Diaz S. The risk of upper gastrointestinal complications associated with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, glucocorticoids, acetaminophen, combinations of these agents. Arthritis Research. 2001;3(2):98–101
  131. Simon LS, Hatoum HT, Bittman RM, et al. Risk factors for serious nonsteroidal-induced gastrointestinal complications: regression analysis of the MUCOSA trial. Family Medicine. 1996;28(3):204–210
  132. Hayllar J, Smith T, Macpherson A, et al. Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug-induced small intestinal inflammation and blood loss. Effects of sulfasalazine and other disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs. Arthritis and Rheumatism. 1994;37(8):1146–1150
  133. Bjarnason I, Hayllar J, MacPherson AJ, Russell AS. Side effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on the small and large intestine in humans. Gastroenterology. 1993;104(6):1832–1847
  134. Mpofu S, Mpofu CM, Hutchinson D, et al. Steroids, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, sigmoid diverticular abscess perforation in rheumatic conditions. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2004;63(5):588–590
  135. Hutchinson D, Lynch M. Sigmoid diverticular abscess perforation in 2 patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with high dose corticosteroids. A cautionary tale. The Journal of Rheumatology. 2001;28(8):1935–1936
  136. Myllykangas-Luosujarvi R. Diverticulosis–a primary cause of life-threatening complications in rheumatoid arthritis. Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology. 1995;13(1):79–82
  137. Laine L, Connors LG, Reicin A, et al. Serious lower gastrointestinal clinical events with nonselective NSAID or coxib use. Gastroenterology. 2003;124(2):288–292
  138. World Health Organization . Nutritional anemias: report of a WHO scientific group. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 1968;
  139. Wolfe F, Michaud K. Anemia and renal function in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The Journal of Rheumatology. 2006;33(8):1516–1522
  140. Franklin J, Lunt M, Bunn D, et al. Risk and predictors of infection leading to hospitalisation in a large primary-care-derived cohort of patients with inflammatory polyarthritis. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2007;66(3):308–312
  141. Symmons DP. Mortality in rheumatoid arthritis. British Journal of Rheumatology. 1988;27(supplement 1):44–54
  142. Prior P, Symmons DP, Scott DL, et al. Cause of death in rheumatoid arthritis. British Journal of Rheumatology. 1984;23(2):92–99
  143. Allebeck P. Increased mortality in rheumatoid arthritis. Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology. 1982;11(2):81–86
  144. Koota K, Isomaki H, Mutru O. Death rate and causes of death in RA patients during a period of five years. Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology. 1977;6(4):241–244
  145. Isomaki HA, Mutru O, Koota K. Death rate and causes of death in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology. 1975;4(4):205–208
  146. Salliot C, Gossec L, Ruyssen-Witrand A, et al. Infections during tumour necrosis factor-alpha blocker therapy for rheumatic diseases in daily practice: a systematic retrospective study of 709 patients. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2007;46(2):327–334
  147. Wolfe F, Caplan L, Michaud K. Treatment for rheumatoid arthritis and the risk of hospitalization for pneumonia: associations with prednisone, disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs, anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy. Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2006;54(2):628–634
  148. Costenbader KH, Glass R, Cui J, Shadick N. Risk of serious infections and malignancies with anti-TNF antibody therapy in rheumatoid arthritis. The Journal of the American Medical Association. 2006;296(18):2201;author reply 2203–4
  149. Curtis JR, Patkar N, Xie A, et al. Risk of serious bacterial infections among rheumatoid arthritis patients exposed to tumor necrosis factor alpha antagonists. Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2007;56(4):1125–1133
  150. Dixon WG, Watson K, Lunt M, et al. Rates of serious infection, including site-specific and bacterial intracellular infection, in rheumatoid arthritis patients receiving anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy: results from the British Society for Rheumatology Biologics Register. Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2006;54(8):2368–2376
  151. Wolfe F, Michaud K, Anderson J, Urbansky K. Tuberculosis infection in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and the effect of infliximab therapy. Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2004;50(2):372–379
  152. Winthrop KL, Siegel JN, Jereb J, et al. Tuberculosis associated with therapy against tumor necrosis factor alpha. Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2005;52(10):2968–2974
  153. Askling J, Fored CM, Brandt L, et al. Risk and case characteristics of tuberculosis in rheumatoid arthritis associated with tumor necrosis factor antagonists in Sweden. Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2005;52(7):1986–1992
  154. Keane J, Gershon S, Wise RP, et al. Tuberculosis associated with infliximab, a tumor necrosis factor alpha-neutralizing agent. The New England Journal of Medicine. 2001;345(15):1098–1104
  155. Jick SS, Lieberman ES, Rahman MU, Choi HK. Glucocorticoid use, other associated factors, the risk of tuberculosis. Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2006;55(1):19–26
  156. Weisman MH. What are the risks of biologic therapy in rheumatoid arthritis? An update on safety. The Journal of Rheumatology. 2002;65(supplement):33–38
  157. Hyrich KL, Silman AJ, Watson KD, Symmons DP. Anti-tumour necrosis factor alpha therapy in rheumatoid arthritis: an update on safety. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2004;63(12):1538–1543
  158. Wolfe F, Michaud K, Chakravarty EF. Rates and predictors of herpes zoster in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and non-inflammatory musculoskeletal disorders. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2006;45(11):1370–1375
  159. Hawley DJ, Wolfe F. Depression is not more common in rheumatoid arthritis: a 10-year longitudinal study of 6153 patients with rheumatic disease. The Journal of Rheumatology. 1993;20(12):2025–2031
  160. Ang DC, Choi H, Kroenke K, Wolfe F. Comorbid depression is an independent risk factor for mortality in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The Journal of Rheumatology. 2005;32(6):1013–1019
  161. Haugeberg G, Uhlig T, Falch JA, et al. Bone mineral density and frequency of osteoporosis in female patients with rheumatoid arthritis: results from 394 patients in the Oslo County Rheumatoid Arthritis register. Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2000;43(3):522–530
  162. van Staa TP, Geusens P, Bijlsma JWJ, et al. Clinical assessment of the long-term risk of fracture in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2006;54(10):3104–3112
  163. Lane NE, Pressman AR, Star VL, et al. Rheumatoid arthritis and bone mineral density in elderly women. The Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research. 1995;10(2):257–263
  164. Kroger H, Honkanen R, Saarikoski S, Alhava E. Decreased axial bone mineral density in perimenopausal women with rheumatoid arthritis–a population based study. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 1994;53(1):18–23
  165. Sinigaglia L, Nervetti A, Mela Q, et al. A multicenter cross sectional study on bone mineral density in rheumatoid arthritis. Italian study group on bone mass in rheumatoid arthritis. The Journal of Rheumatology. 2000;27(11):2582–2589
  166. Sinigaglia L, Varenna M, Girasole G, Bianchi G. Epidemiology of osteoporosis in rheumatic diseases. Rheumatic Diseases Clinics of North America. 2006;32(4):631–658
  167. Solomon DH, Katz JN, Cabral D, et al. Osteoporosis management in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: evidence for improvement. Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2006;55(6):873–877
  168. Maradit-Kremers H, Crowson CS, Nicola PJ, et al. Increased unrecognized coronary heart disease and sudden deaths in rheumatoid arthritis: a population-based cohort study. Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2005;52(2):402–411
  169. Anker SD, Coats AJ. How to RECOVER from RENAISSANCE? The significance of the results of RECOVER, RENAISSANCE, RENEWAL and ATTACH. International Journal of Cardiology. 2002;86(2–3):123–130
  170. Chung ES, Packer M, Lo KH, et al. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, pilot trial of infliximab, a chimeric monoclonal antibody to tumor necrosis factor-alpha, in patients with moderate-to-severe heart failure: results of the anti-TNF Therapy Against Congestive Heart Failure (ATTACH) trial. Circulation. 2003;107(25):3133–3140
  171. Mann DL, McMurray JJV, Packer M, et al. Targeted anticytokine therapy in patients with chronic heart failure: results of the Randomized Etanercept Worldwide Evaluation (RENEWAL). Circulation. 2004;109(13):1594–1602

PII: S1521-6942(07)00076-9

doi: 10.1016/j.berh.2007.06.002

Best Practice & Research Clinical Rheumatology
Volume 21, Issue 5 , Pages 885-906 , October 2007