Best Practice & Research Clinical Rheumatology
Volume 22, Issue 2 , Pages 285-297 , April 2008

Neuroendocrine immune pathways in chronic arthritis

    Dr
  • Silvia Capellino, PhD
    • , Dr
  • Rainer H. Straub, MD (Professor)

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Laboratory of Experimental Rheumatology and Neuroendocrino-Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Regensburg, 93042 Regensburg, Germany. Tel.: +49 941 944 7120; Fax: +49 941 944 7121.

References 

  1. Bläß S, Engel JM, Burmester GR. The immunologic homunculus in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis & Rheumatism. 1999;42:2499–2506
  2. Müller-Ladner U, Kriegsmann J, Franklin BN, et al. Synovial fibroblasts of patients with rheumatoid arthritis attach to and invade normal human cartilage when engrafted into SCID mice. American Journal of Pathology. 1996;149:1607–1615
  3. Walsh NC, Gravallese EM. Bone loss in inflammatory arthritis: mechanisms and treatment strategies. Current Opinion In Rheumatology. 2004;16:419–427
  4. Levine JD, Collier DH, Basbaum AI, et al. Hypothesis: the nervous system may contribute to the pathophisiology of rheumatoid arthritis. The Journal of Rheumatology. 1985;12:406–411
  5. Zautra AJ, Hoffman J, Potter P, et al. Examination of changes in interpersonal stress as a factor in disease exacerbations among women with rheumatoid arthritis. Annals of Behavioral Medicine. 1997;19:279–286
  6. Crofford LJ, Kalogeras KT, Mastorakos G, et al. Circadian relationships between interleukin (IL)-6 and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis hormones: failure of IL-6 to cause sustained hypercortisolism in patients with early untreated rheumatoid arthritis. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1997;82:1279–1283
  7. Pool AJ, Whipp BJ, Skasick AJ, et al. Serum cortisol reduction and abnormal prolactin and CD4+/CD8 + T-cell response as a result of controlled exercise in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus despite unaltered muscle energetics. Rheumatology (Oxford, England). 2004;43:43–48
  8. Rovensky J, Bakosova J, Koska J, et al. Somatotropic, lactotropic and adrenocortical responses to insulin-induced hypoglycemia in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2002;966:263–270
  9. Straub RH, Dhabhar FS, Bijlsma JW, Cutolo M. How psychological stress via hormones and nerve fibers may exacerbate rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis & Rheumatism. 2005;52:16–26
  10. Straub RH, Paimela L, Peltomaa R, et al. Inadequately low serum levels of steroid hormones in relation to IL-6 and TNF in untreated patients with early rheumatoid arthritis and reactive arthritis. Arthritis & Rheumatism. 2002;46:654–662
  11. Leden I, Eriksson A, Lilja B, et al. Autonomic nerve function in rheumatoid arthritis of varying severity. Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology. 1983;12:166–170
  12. Kuis W, de Jong-de Vos van Steenwijk C, Sinnema G, et al. The autonomic nervous system and the immune system in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Brain Behavior and Immunity. 1996;10:387–398
  13. Perry F, Heller PH, Kamiya J, Levine JD. Altered autonomic function in patients with arthritis or with chronic myofascial pain. Pain. 1989;39:77–84
  14. Glück T, Oertel M, Reber T, et al. Altered function of the hypothalamic stress axes in patients with moderately active systemic lupus erythematosus. I. The hypothalamus-autonomic nervous system axis. The Journal of Rheumatology. 2000;27:903–910
  15. Maradit-Kremers H, Crowson CS, Nicola PJ, et al. Increased unrecognized coronary heart disease and sudden deaths in rheumatoid arthritis: a population-based cohort study. Arthritis & Rheumatism. 2005;52:402–411
  16. del Rincon ID, Williams K, Stern MP, et al. High incidence of cardiovascular events in a rheumatoid arthritis cohort not explained by traditional cardiac risk factors. Arthritis & Rheumatism. 2001;44:2737–2745
  17. Morris MJ, Russell AE, Kapoor V, et al. Increases in plasma neuropeptide Y concentrations during sympathetic activation in man. Journal of the Autonomic Nervous System. 1986;17:143–149
  18. Härle P, Straub RH, Wiest R, et al. Increase of sympathetic outflow measured by neuropeptide Y and decrease of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis tone in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis: another example of uncoupling of response systems. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2006;65:51–56
  19. Hedman M, Nilsson E, de la Torre B. Low blood and synovial fluid levels of sulpho-conjugated steroids in rheumatoid arthritis. Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology. 1992;10:25–30
  20. Herrmann M, Schölmerich J, Straub RH. Influence of cytokines and growth factors on distinct steroidogenic enzymes in vitro: a short tabular data collection. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2002;966:166–186
  21. Lahita RG, Bradlow HL, Ginzler E, et al. Low plasma androgens in women with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis & Rheumatism. 1987;30:241–248
  22. Laivoranta-Nyman S, Luukkainen R, Hakala M, et al. Differences between female and male patients with familial rheumatoid arthritis. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2001;60:413–415
  23. Cutolo M, Capellino S, Montagna P, et al. Sex hormone modulation of cell growth and apoptosis of the human monocytic/macrophage cell line. Arthritis Research & Therapy. 2005;7:R1124–R1132
  24. Cutolo M, Accardo S, Villaggio B, et al. Androgen and estrogen receptors are present in primary cultures of human synovial macrophages. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1996;81:820–827
  25. Capellino S, Riepl B, Rauch L, et al. Quantitative determination of steroid hormone receptor positive cells in synovium of RA and OA patients: is there a link to inflammation?. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2007;66:53–58
  26. Cutolo M, Capellino S, Montagna P, et al. New roles for estrogens in rheumatoid arthritis. Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology. 2003;21:687–689
  27. Telang NT, Suto A, Wong GY, et al. Induction by estrogen metabolite 16alpha-hydroxyestrone of genotoxic damage and aberrant proliferation in mouse mammary epithelial cells. Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 1992;84:634–638
  28. Schneider J, Huh MM, Bradlow HL, Fishman J. Antiestrogen action of 2-hydroxyestrone on MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1984;259:4840–4845
  29. Bradlow HL, Telang NT, Sepkovic DW, Osborne MP. 2-Hydroxyestrone: the ‘good’ estrogen. The Journal of Endocrinology. 1996;150(Suppl):259–265
  30. Castagnetta LA, Carruba G, Granata OM, et al. Increased estrogen formation and estrogen to androgen ratio in the synovial fluid of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The Journal of Rheumatology. 2003;30:2597–2605
  31. Weidler C, Härle P, Schedel J, et al. Patients with rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus have increased renal excretion of mitogenic estrogens in relation to endogenous antiestrogens. The Journal of Rheumatology. 2004;31:489–494
  32. Morrow KA, Parker JC, Russell JL. Clinical implications of depression in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Care and Research. 1994;7:58–63
  33. Dickens C, Creed F. The burden of depression in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford, England). 2001;40:1327–1330
  34. Wolfe F, Michaud K. Fatigue, rheumatoid arthritis, and anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy: an investigation in 24,831 patients. The Journal of Rheumatology. 2004;31:2115–2120
  35. Rupp I, Boshuizen HC, Jacobi CE, et al. Impact of fatigue on health-related quality of life in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis & Rheumatism. 2004;51:578–585
  36. Dantzer R, Wollman EE, Yirmiya R. Cytokines and depression: an update. Brain Behavior and Immunity. 2002;16:501–502
  37. Reichenberg A, Yirmiya R, Schuld A, et al. Cytokine-associated emotional and cognitive disturbances in humans. Archives of General Psychiatry. 2001;58:445–452
  38. Cohen O, Reichenberg A, Perry C, et al. Endotoxin-induced changes in human working and declarative memory associate with cleavage of plasma ‘readthrough’ acetylcholinesterase. Journal of Molecular Neuroscience. 2003;21:199–212
  39. Straub RH, Cutolo M. Involvement of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal/gonadal axis and the peripheral nervous system in rheumatoid arthritis: viewpoint based on a systemic pathogenetic role. Arthritis & Rheumatism. 2001;44:493–507
  40. Spengler RN, Chensue SW, Giacherio DA, et al. Endogenous norepinephrine regulates tumor necrosis factor-alpha production from macrophages in vitro. Journal of Immunology. 1994;152:3024–3031
  41. Eickelberg O, Roth M, Lorx R, et al. Ligand-independent activation of the glucocorticoid receptor by beta2-adrenergic receptor agonists in primary human lung fibroblasts and vascular smooth muscle cells. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1999;274:1005–1010
  42. Pereira da Silva JA, Carmo-Fonseca M. Peptide containing nerves in human synovium: immunohistochemical evidence for decreased innervation in rheumatoid arthritis. The Journal of Rheumatology. 1990;17:1592–1599
  43. Miller LE, Jüsten HP, Schölmerich J, Straub RH. The loss of sympathetic nerve fibers in the synovial tissue of patients with rheumatoid arthritis is accompanied by increased norepinephrine release from synovial macrophages. FASEB Journal. 2000;14:2097–2107
  44. Miller LE, Weidler C, Falk W, et al. Increased prevalence of semaphorin 3C, a repellent of sympathetic nerve fibers, in the synovial tissue of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis & Rheumatism. 2004;50:1156–1163
  45. Schmidt M, Weidler C, Naumann H, et al. Androgen conversion in osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis synoviocytes–androstenedione and testosterone inhibit estrogen formation and favor production of more potent 5alpha-reduced androgens. Arthritis Research & Therapy. 2005;7:R938–R948
  46. Dirmeier M, Capellino S, Schubert T, et al. Lower density of synovial nerve fibres positive for calcitonin gene-related peptide relative to substance P in rheumatoid arthritis but not in osteoarthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2008;47:36–40

PII: S1521-6942(08)00010-7

doi: 10.1016/j.berh.2008.01.010

Best Practice & Research Clinical Rheumatology
Volume 22, Issue 2 , Pages 285-297 , April 2008

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution