Best Practice & Research Clinical Rheumatology
Volume 22, Issue 4 , Pages 643-655 , August 2008

Lupus in the developing world – is it any different?

  • Mohammed Tikly, FRCP, PhD (Professor and Head)

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Tel./Fax: +27 11 938 8738.

References 

  1. Danchenko N, Satia JA, Anthony MS. Epidemiology of systemic lupus erythematosus: a comparison of worldwide disease burden. Lupus. 2006;15(5):308–318
  2. Vilar MJ, Sato EI. Estimating the incidence of systemic lupus erythematosus in a tropical region (Natal, Brazil). Lupus. 2002;11(8):528–532
  3. Morrison RCA, Gear AJ, Kark A, et al. Differences in systemic lupus erythematosus among 4 racial groups in South Africa. Arthritis & Rheumatism. 1990;33:S104
  4. Al-Arfaj AS, Al-Balla SR, Al-Dalaan AN, et al. Prevalence of systemic lupus erythematosus in central Saudi Arabia. Saudi Medical Journal. 2002;23(1):87–89
  5. Mok CC, Lau CS. Lupus in Hong Kong Chinese. Lupus. 2003;12(9):717–722
  6. Molina MJ, Mayor AM, Franco AE, et al. Prevalence of systemic lupus erythematosus and associated comorbidities in Puerto Rico. Journal of Clinical Rheumatology. 2007;13(4):202–204
  7. Adebajo AO. Low frequency of autoimmune disease in tropical Africa. Lancet. 1997;349(9048):361–362
  8. Minaur N, Sawyers S, Parker J, Darmawan J. Rheumatic disease in an Australian aboriginal community in North Queensland, Australia. A WHO-ILAR COPCORD survey. The Journal of Rheumatology. 2004;31(5):965–972
  9. Senna ER, De Barros AL, Silva EO, et al. Prevalence of rheumatic diseases in Brazil: a study using the COPCORD approach. The Journal of Rheumatology. 2004;31(3):594–597
  10. Dai SM, Han XH, Zhao DB, et al. Prevalence of rheumatic symptoms, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and gout in Shanghai, China: a COPCORD study. The Journal of Rheumatology. 2003;30(10):2245–2251
  11. Molokhia M, McKeigue PM, Cuadrado M, Hughes G. Systemic lupus erythematosus in migrants from west Africa compared with Afro-Caribbean people in the UK. Lancet. 2001;357(9266):1414–1415
  12. Feng PH. Systemic lupus erythematosus: the face of Asia. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2007;1108:114–120
  13. Bae SC, Fraser P, Liang MH. The epidemiology of systemic lupus erythematosus in populations of African ancestry: a critical review of the ‘prevalence gradient hypothesis’. Arthritis & Rheumatism. 1998;41(12):2091–2099
  14. Molokhia M, McKeigue P. Systemic lupus erythematosus: genes versus environment in high risk populations. Lupus. 2006;15(11):827–832
  15. Clatworthy MR, Willcocks L, Urban B, et al. Systemic lupus erythematosus-associated defects in the inhibitory receptor FcgammaRIIb reduce susceptibility to malaria. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2007;104(17):7169–7174
  16. Balkaran BN, Roberts LA, Ramcharan J. Systemic lupus erythematosus in Trinidadian children. Annals of Tropical Paediatrics. 2004;24(3):241–244
  17. Faller G, Thomson PD, Kala UK, Hahn D. Demographics and presenting clinical features of childhood systemic lupus erythematosus. South Africa Medical Journal. 2005;95(6):424–427
  18. Singh S, Devidayal , Minz R, et al. Childhood lupus nephritis: 12 years experience from North India. Rheumatology International. 2006;26(7):604–607
  19. Navarra SV, King JO. An overview of clinical manifestations and survival of systemic lupus erythematosus in Asia. APLAR Journal of Rheumatology. 2006;9:336–341
  20. Wadee S, Tikly M, Hopley M. Causes and predictors of death in South Africans with systemic lupus erythematosus. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2007;46(9):1487–1491
  21. Cervera R, Abarca-Costalago M, Abramovicz D, et al. Lessons from the ‘Euro-Lupus Cohort’. Annales Medicine Interne (Paris). 2002;153(8):530–536
  22. Patel M, Clarke AM, Bruce IN, Symmons DP. The prevalence and incidence of biopsy-proven lupus nephritis in the UK: Evidence of an ethnic gradient. Arthritis & Rheumatism. 2006;54(9):2963–2969
  23. Johnson SR, Urowitz MB, Ibanez D, Gladman DD. Ethnic variation in disease patterns and health outcomes in systemic lupus erythematosus. The Journal of Rheumatology. 2006;33(10):1990–1995
  24. Boey ML, Peebles CL, Tsay G, et al. Clinical and autoantibody correlations in Orientals with systemic lupus erythematosus. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 1988;47(11):918–923
  25. Lee SS, Li CS, Li PC. Clinical profile of Chinese patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus. 1993;2(2):105–109
  26. Cervera R, Font J, Shoenfeld Y. European Working Party on Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: a 15-year report. Autoimmunity Reviews. 2006;5(8):549–553
  27. Pons-Estel BA, Catoggio LJ, Cardiel MH, et al. The GLADEL multinational Latin American prospective inception cohort of 1,214 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: ethnic and disease heterogeneity among ‘Hispanics’. Medicine (Baltimore). 2004;83(1):1–17
  28. Zonana-Nacach A, Yanez P, Jimenez-Balderas FJ, Camargo-Coronel A. Disease activity, damage and survival in Mexican patients with acute severe systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus. 2007;16(12):997–1000
  29. Shayakul C, Ong-aj-yooth L, Chirawong P, et al. Lupus nephritis in Thailand: clinicopathologic findings and outcome in 569 patients. American Journal of Kidney Diseases: the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation. 1995;26(2):300–307
  30. Williams W, Bhagwandass A, Sargeant LA, Shah D. Severity of systemic lupus erythematosus with diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis and the ineffectiveness of standard pulse intravenous cyclophosphamide therapy in Jamaican patients. Lupus. 2003;12(8):640–645
  31. Williams W, Shah D, Sargeant LA. The clinical and epidemiologic features in 140 patients with lupus nephritis in a predominantly black population from one center in Kingston, Jamaica. American Journal of the Medical Sciences. 2004;327(6):324–329
  32. de Castro WP, Morales JV, Wagner MB, et al. Hypertension and Afro-descendant ethnicity: a bad interaction for lupus nephritis treated with cyclophosphamide?. Lupus. 2007;16(9):724–730
  33. Ka MM, Diallo S, Kane A, et al. Systemic lupus erythematosus and lupus syndromes in Senegal. A retrospective study of 30 patients seen over 10 years. Revue du Rhumatisme (English Ed.). 1998;65(7–9):471–476
  34. Jacyk WK, Damisah M. Discoid lupus erythematosus in the Nigerians. British Journal of Dermatology. 1979;100(2):131–135
  35. Sutej PG, Gear AJ, Morrison RC, et al. Photosensitivity and anti-Ro (SS-A) antibodies in black patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). British Journal of Rheumatology. 1989;28(4):321–324
  36. Vaughn RY, Bailey JP, Field RS, et al. Diffuse nail dyschromia in black patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. The Journal of Rheumatology. 1990;17(5):640–643
  37. Gould T, Tikly M. Systemic lupus erythematosus in a patient with human immunodeficiency virus infection–challenges in diagnosis and management. Clinical Rheumatology. 2004;23(2):166–169
  38. Vilar MJ, Bezerra EL, Sato EI. Skin is the most frequently damaged system in recent-onset systemic lupus erythematosus in a tropical region. Clinical Rheumatology. 2005;24(4):377–380
  39. Alballa SR. Systemic lupus erythematosus in Saudi patients. Clinical Rheumatology. 1995;14(3):342–346
  40. Houman MH, Smiti-Khanfir M, Ben Ghorbell I, Miled M. Systemic lupus erythematosus in Tunisia: demographic and clinical analysis of 100 patients. Lupus. 2004;13(3):204–211
  41. Mok CC, Tang SS, To CH, Petri M. Incidence and risk factors of thromboembolism in systemic lupus erythematosus: a comparison of three ethnic groups. Arthritis & Rheumatism. 2005;52(9):2774–2782
  42. Molina JF, Gutierrez-Urena S, Molina J, et al. Variability of anticardiolipin antibody isotype distribution in 3 geographic populations of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. The Journal of Rheumatology. 1997;24(2):291–296
  43. Gould T, Tikly M, Asherson R, et al. Prevalence and clinical correlates of anti-phospholipid antibodies in South Africans with systemic lupus erythematosus. Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology. 2006;35(1):29–34
  44. Cucurull E, Gharavi AE, Diri E, et al. IgA anticardiolipin and anti-beta2-glycoprotein I are the most prevalent isotypes in African American patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. American Journal of the Medical Sciences. 1999;318(1):55–60
  45. Cassano G, Roverano S, Paira S, et al. Accrual of organ damage over time in Argentine patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: a multi-centre study. Clinical Rheumatology. 2007;26(12):2017–2022
  46. Mok CC, Ho CT, Wong RW, Lau CS. Damage accrual in southern Chinese patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. The Journal of Rheumatology. 2003;30(7):1513–1519
  47. Zonana-Nacach A, Camargo-Coronel A, Yáñez P, et al. Measurement of damage in 210 Mexican patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: relationship with disease duration. Lupus. 1998;7(2):119–123
  48. Gonzalez LA, McGwin G, Duran S, et al. Predictors of Premature Gonadal Failure in Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Results from LUMINA, a Multiethnic US Cohort. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2008;16:16
  49. Bhatt SP, Handa R, Gulati GS, et al. Atherosclerosis in Asian Indians with systemic lupus erythematosus. Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology. 2006;35(2):128–132
  50. Bhatt SP, Handa R, Gulati GS, et al. Peripheral vascular disease in systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus. 2007;16(9):720–723
  51. Lau CS, Yin G, Mok MY. Ethnic and geographical differences in systemic lupus erythematosus: an overview. Lupus. 2006;15(11):715–719
  52. Tikly M, Gould T, Wadee AA, et al. Clinical and serological correlates of antinucleosome antibodies in South Africans with systemic lupus erythematosus. Clinical Rheumatology. 2007;26:2121–2125
  53. Abuaf N, Johanet C, Chretien P, et al. Detection of autoantibodies to Sm antigen in systemic lupus erythematosus by immunodiffusion, ELISA and immunoblotting: variability of incidence related to assays and ethnic origin of patients. European Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1990;20(4):354–359
  54. Tikly M, Burgin S, Mohanlal P, et al. Autoantibodies in black South Africans with systemic lupus erythematosus: spectrum and clinical associations. Clinical Rheumatology. 1996;15:261–265
  55. Phan JC, Bush TM, Donald F, Ward M. Clinical and laboratory features of patients of Vietnamese descent with systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus. 1999;8(7):521–524
  56. Teh LS, Lee MK, Wang F, et al. Antiribosomal P protein antibodies in different populations of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. British Journal of Rheumatology. 1993;32(8):663–665
  57. Schur PH, Rose BD. Drug-induced lupus. In: Rose BD, editor. UpToDate. Waltham, MA: UpToDate; 2007.
  58. Petri M. Infection in systemic lupus erythematosus. Rheumatic Diseases Clinics of North America. 1998;24(2):423–456
  59. Mok CC, Mak A, Chu WP, et al. Long-term survival of southern Chinese patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: a prospective study of all age-groups. Medicine (Baltimore). 2005;84(4):218–224
  60. Koh ET, Seow A, Leong KH, Chng HH. SLE mortality in an oriental population. Lupus. 1997;6(1):27–31
  61. Malaviya AN, Chandrasekaran AN, Kumar A, Shamar PN. Systemic lupus erythematosus in India. Lupus. 1997;6(9):690–700
  62. Yeap SS, Chow SK, Manivasagar M, et al. Mortality patterns in Malaysian systemic lupus erythematosus patients. The Medical Journal of Malaysia. 2001;56(3):308–312
  63. Ng WL. Infections in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. APLAR Journal of Rheumatology. 2006;9:89–97
  64. Paton NI, Cheong IK, Kong NC, Segasothy M. Risk factors for infection in Malaysian patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. QJM. 1996;89(7):531–538
  65. Lau YL, Lau CS, Chan SY, et al. Mannose-binding protein in Chinese patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis & Rheumatism. 1996;39(4):706–708
  66. Navarra SV, Villamin CA, Baes RP, et al. Increased frequency of mannose-binding lectin promoter LX haplotype among Filipinos with systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus. 2007;16(2):147–148
  67. Reyes CM, Navarra SV. Infections among Filipino patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Philippine Journal of Internal Medicine. 2005;43:123–127
  68. Chan TH, Tam LS, Li EK. Salmonella infection in Chinese systemic lupus erythematosus patients. Arthritis & Rheumatism. 1998;41:S331
  69. Lim E, Koh WH, Loh SF, et al. Non-typhoidal salmonellosis in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. A study of fifty patients and a review of the literature. Lupus. 2001;10(2):87–92
  70. Chu CM, Ng WL, Leung WS, Chan V. Lymphopenia predicts tuberculosis in systemic lupus erythematosus. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 2001;163:A663;[Abstract]
  71. Erdozain JG, Ruiz-Irastorza G, Egurbide MV, et al. High risk of tuberculosis in systemic lupus erythematosus?. Lupus. 2006;15(4):232–235
  72. Shyam C, Malaviya AN. Infection-related morbidity in systemic lupus erythematosus: a clinico-epidemiological study from northern India. Rheumatology International. 1996;16(1):1–3
  73. Victorio-Navarra ST, Dy EE, Arroyo CG, Torralba TP. Tuberculosis among Filipino patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism. 1996;26(3):628–634
  74. Mok MY, Lo Y, Chan TM, et al. Tuberculosis in systemic lupus erythematosus in an endemic area and the role of isoniazid prophylaxis during corticosteroid therapy. The Journal of Rheumatology. 2005;32(4):609–615
  75. Gaitonde S, Pathan E, Sule A, et al. Efficacy of isoniazid prophylaxis in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus receiving long term steroid treatment. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2002;61(3):251–253
  76. Navarra SV, Hamijoyo L. Effect of tuberculosis treatment on steroid requirement in a cohort of Filipino patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus. 2007;16:S227;[Abstract]
  77. Ward MM. Education level and mortality in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE): evidence of underascertainment of deaths due to SLE in ethnic minorities with low education levels. Arthritis & Rheumatism. 2004;51(4):616–624
  78. Sule S, Petri M. Socioeconomic status in systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus. 2006;15(11):720–723
  79. King JO, Cortez FS, Navarra SV. Socioeconomic profile and health care costs of Filipino patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Philippine Journal of Internal Medicine. 2007;45(5):229–233
  80. Leong KP, Pong LY, Chan SP. Why lupus patients use alternative medicine. Lupus. 2003;12(9):659–664
  81. Chng HH. Management of systemic lupus erythematosus in the coming decade: potentials and challenges. APLAR Journal of Rheumatology. 2006;9:419–424
  82. Moss KE, Ioannou Y, Sultan SM, et al. Outcome of a cohort of 300 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus attending a dedicated clinic for over two decades. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2002;61(5):409–413
  83. Doria A, Iaccarino L, Ghirardello A, et al. Long-term prognosis and causes of death in systemic lupus erythematosus. American Journal of Medicine. 2006;119(8):700–706
  84. Walsh SJ, Algert C, Gregorio DI, et al. Divergent racial trends in mortality from systemic lupus erythematosus. The Journal of Rheumatology. 1995;22(9):1663–1668
  85. Samanta A, Feehally J, Roy S, et al. High prevalence of systemic disease and mortality in Asian subjects with systemic lupus erythematosus. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 1991;50(7):490–492
  86. Alarcon GS, Friedman AW, Straaton KV, et al. Systemic lupus erythematosus in three ethnic groups: III. A comparison of characteristics early in the natural history of the LUMINA cohort. LUpus in MInority populations: NAture vs Nurture. Lupus. 1999;8(3):197–209
  87. Abu-Shakra M, Gladman DD, Urowitz MB. Mortality studies in SLE: how far can we improve survival of patients with SLE. Autoimmunity Reviews. 2004;3(6):418–420
  88. Heller T, Ahmed M, Siddiqqi A, et al. Systemic lupus erythematosus in Saudi Arabia: morbidity and mortality in a multiethnic population. Lupus. 2007;16:908–914
  89. Rabbani MA, Siddiqui BK, Tahir MH, et al. Systemic lupus erythematosus in Pakistan. Lupus. 2004;13(10):820–825
  90. Wang F, Wang CL, Tan CT, Manivasagar M. Systemic lupus erythematosus in Malaysia: a study of 539 patients and comparison of prevalence and disease expression in different racial and gender groups. Lupus. 1997;6(3):248–253
  91. Thumboo J, Uramoto K, O'Fallon WM, et al. A comparative study of the clinical manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus in Caucasians in Rochester, Minnesota, and Chinese in Singapore, from 1980 to 1992. Arthritis & Rheumatism. 2001;45(6):494–500
  92. Villamin CA, Navarra SV. Clinical manifestations and clinical syndromes of Filipino patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Modern Rheumatology. 2008;18:161–164
  93. Feng PH, Boey ML. Systemic lupus erythematosus in Chinese: the Singapore experience. Rheumatology International. 1982;2(4):151–154
  94. Kumar A, Malaviya AN, Singh RR, et al. Survival in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus in India. Rheumatology International. 1992;12(3):107–109
  95. Kim WU, Min JK, Lee SH, et al. Causes of death in Korean patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: a single center retrospective study. Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology. 1999;17(5):539–545
  96. Chen SL. Overview of lupus in Asia. In: Proceedings of 10th APLAR Congress; 2002; Bangkok, Thailand. Bangkok: Supjaroon Printing Co Ltd; 2002;

PII: S1521-6942(08)00054-5

doi: 10.1016/j.berh.2008.05.003

Best Practice & Research Clinical Rheumatology
Volume 22, Issue 4 , Pages 643-655 , August 2008