Best Practice & Research Clinical Rheumatology
Volume 23, Issue 6 , Pages 727-740 , December 2009

Strategies for treatment to prevent fragility fractures in postmenopausal women

  • Piet Geusens, MD, PhD (Professor)

      Affiliations

    • Department of Internal Medicine, Subdivision of Rheumatology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
    • Biomedical Research Institute, University Hasselt, Belgium
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Tel.: +32 89 362977; Fax: +32 89 304186.

References 

  1. Sambrook P, Cooper C. Osteoporosis. Lancet. 2006;367:2010–2018
  2. Available at: http://www.nof.org/professionals/NOF_GUIDE_OVERVIEW.pdf
  3. Kanis JA, McCloskey EV, Johansson H, Strom O, Borgstrom F, Oden A. National Osteoporosis Guideline Group. Case finding for the management of osteoporosis with FRAX–assessment and intervention thresholds for the UK. Osteoporos Int. 2008 Oct;19(10):1395–1408
  4. Kanis JA, Burlet N, Cooper C, Delmas PD, Reginster JY, Borgstrom F, et al. European society for clinical and economic aspects of osteoporosis and osteoarthritis (esceo). European guidance for the diagnosis and management of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. Osteoporos Int. 2008;19(4):399–428
  5. Geusens PP, Roux CH, Reid DM, Lems WF, Adami S, Adachi JD, et al. Drug Insight: choosing a drug treatment strategy for women with osteoporosis-an evidence-based clinical perspective. Nat Clin Pract Rheumatol. 2008;4(5):240–248
  6. Kanis JA, Oden A, Johansson H, Borgström F, Ström O, McCloskey E. FRAX((R)) and its applications to clinical practice. Bone. 2009;44(5):734–743
  7. Available at: http://www.shef.ac.uk/FRAX/
  8. Kanis JA, Johansson H, Oden A, McCloskey EV. Bazedoxifene reduces vertebral and clinical fractures in postmenopausal women at high risk assessed with FRAX((R)). Bone. 2009 Feb 28;[Epub ahead of print]
  9. McCloskey EV, Johansson H, Oden A, Vasireddy S, Kayan K, Pande K, et al. Ten-year fracture probability identifies women who will benefit from clodronate therapy–additional results from a double-blind, placebo-controlled randomised study. Osteoporos Int. 2009;20(5):811–817
  10. Kanis JA, McCloskey EV, Johansson H, Oden A, Melton LJ, Khaltaev N. A reference standard for the description of osteoporosis. Bone. 2008;42(3):467–475
  11. Siris ES, Chen YT, Abbott TA, Barrett-Connor E, Miller PD, Wehren LE, et al. Bone mineral density thresholds for pharmacological intervention to prevent fractures. Arch Intern Med. 2004;164(10):1108–1112
  12. McLellan AR, Gallacher SJ, Fraser M, McQuillian C. The fracture liaison service: success of a program for the evaluation and management of patients with osteoporotic fracture. Osteoporos Int. 2003;14:1028–1034
  13. Chevalley T, Hoffmeyer P, Bonjour JP, Rizzoli R. An osteoporosis clinical pathway for the medical management of patients with low-trauma fracture. Osteoporos Int. 2002;13:450–455
  14. van Helden S, Cals J, Kessels F, Brink P, Dinant GJ, Geusens P. Risk of new clinical fractures within 2 years following a fracture. Osteoporos Int. 2006;17(3):348–354
  15. Lems WF. Clinical relevance of vertebral fractures. Ann Rheum Dis. 2007;66:2–4
  16. Mackey DC, Lui LY, Cawthon PM, Bauer DC, Nevitt MC, Cauley JA, et al. Study of osteoporotic fractures(sof)and osteoporotic fractures in men study (mros) research groups. high-trauma fractures and low bone mineral density in older women and men. JAMA. 2007;298(20):2381–2388
  17. Sebba A. Comparing non-vertebral fracture risk reduction with osteoporosis therapies: looking beneath the surface. Osteoporos Int. 2009;20(5):675–686
  18. Geusens P, Hochberg MC, van der Voort DJ, Pols H, van der Klift M, Siris E, et al. Performance of risk indices for identifying low bone density in postmenopausal women. Mayo Clin proc. 2002;77:629–637
  19. van Staa TP, Geusens P, Pols HA, de Laet C, Leufkens HG, Cooper C. A simple score for estimating the long–term risk of fracture in patients using oral glucocorticoids. QJM. 2005;98:191–198
  20. Available at: http://www.garvan.org.au/promotions/bone-fracture-risk/
  21. Pluijm SM, Koes B, de Laet C, Van Schoor NM, Kuchuk NO, Rivadeneira F, et al. A simple risk score for the assessment of absolute fracture risk in general practice based on two longitudinal studies. J Bone Miner Res. 2009;24(5):768–774
  22. Rabenda V, Vanoverloop J, Fabri V, Mertens R, Sumkay F, Vannecke C, et al. Low incidence of anti-osteoporosis treatment after hip fracture. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2008;90(10):2142–2148
  23. Cadarette SM, Katz JN, Brookhart MA, Levin R, Stedman MR, Choudhry NK, et al. Trends in drug prescribing for osteoporosis after hip fracture, 1995–2004. J Rheumatol. 2008;35(2):319–326
  24. Solomon DH, Finkelstein JS, Polinski JM, Arnold M, Licari A, Cabral D, et al. A randomized controlled trial of mailed osteoporosis education to older adults. Osteoporos Int. 2006;17(5):760–767
  25. Solomon DH, Katz JN, Finkelstein JS, Polinski JM, Stedman M, Brookhart MA, et al. Osteoporosis improvement: a large-scale randomized controlled trial of patient and primary care physician education. J Bone Miner Res. 2007;22(11):1808–1815
  26. Morrison LS, Tobias JH. Effect of a case-finding strategy for osteoporosis on bisphosphonate prescribing in primary care. Osteoporos Int. 2005;16(1):71–77
  27. Geusens P, Dumitrescu B, van Geel T, van Helden S, Vanhoof J, Dinant GJ. Impact of systematic implementation of a clinical case finding strategy on diagnosis and therapy of postmenopausal osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Res. 2008;23(6):812–818
  28. Tannenbaum C, Clark J, Schwartzman K, Wallenstein S, Lapinski R, Meier D, et al. Yield of laboratory testing to identify secondary contributors to osteoporosis in otherwise healthy women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002;87:4431–4437
  29. Dumitrescu B, van Helden S, ten Broeke R, Nieuwenhuijzen-Kruseman A, Wyers C, Udrea G, et al. Evaluation of patients with a recent clinical fracture and osteoporosis, a multidisciplinary approach. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2008;9:109
  30. Soe JT, Vokes T, Broy SB, Ferrar L, McKiernan F, Roux C, et al. Vertebral Fracture Assessment: The 2007 ISCD Official Positions. J Clin Densitom. 2008;11(1):92–108
  31. Garnero P. Biomarkers for osteoporosis management: utility in diagnosis, fracture risk prediction and therapy monitoring. Mol Diagn Ther. 2008;12(3):157–170
  32. Kanis JA, Johansson H, Oden A, De Laet C, Johnell O, Eisman JA, et al. A meta-analysis of milk intake and fracture risk: low utility for case finding. Osteoporos Int. 2005;16(7):799–804
  33. Holick MF, Chen TC. Vitamin D deficiency: a worldwide problem with health consequences. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008;87(4):1080S–1086S
  34. Boonen S, Vanderschueren D, Haentjens P, Lips P. Calcium and vitamin D in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis - a clinical update. J Intern Med. 2006;259(6):539–552
  35. Boonen S, Lips P, Bouillon R, Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Vanderschueren D, Haentjens P. Need for additional calcium to reduce the risk of hip fracture with vitamin d supplementation: evidence from a comparative meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007;92(4):1415–1423
  36. Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Dawson-Hughes B, Baron JA, Burckhardt P, Li R, Spiegelman D, et al. Calcium intake and hip fracture risk in men and women: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies and randomized controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007;86(6):1780–1790
  37. DeLuca HF. Evolution of our understanding of vitamin D. Nutr Rev. 2008 Oct;66(10 Suppl. 2):S73–S87
  38. Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Dawson-Hughes B. Where do we stand on vitamin D?. Bone. 2007;41(1 Suppl. 1):S13–S19
  39. Heaney RP. The Vitamin D requirement in health and disease. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2005 Oct;97(1–2):13–19
  40. Bischoff-Ferrari HA. How to select the doses of vitamin D in the management of osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int. 2007;18(4):401–407
  41. Heaney RP. Vitamin D: criteria for safety and efficacy. Nutr Rev. 2008;66(10 Suppl. 2):S178–S181
  42. Dawson-Hughes B. The role of vitamin D in fracture prevention. BoneKey-Osteovision. 2005;6–10
  43. Steingrimsdottir L, Gunnarsson O, Indridason OS, Franzson L, Sigurdsson G. Relationship between serum parathyroid hormone levels, vitamin D sufficiency, and calcium intake. JAMA. 2005;294(18):2336–2341
  44. Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Willett WC, Wong JB, Stuck AE, Staehelin HB, Orav EJ, et al. Prevention of nonvertebral fractures with oral vitamin D and dose dependency: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Arch Intern Med. 2009;169(6):551–561
  45. Moayyeri A. The association between physical activity and osteoporotic fractures: a review of the evidence and implications for future research. Ann Epidemiol. 2008;18(11):827–835
  46. Chang JT, Morton SC, Rubenstein LZ, Mojica WA, Maglione M, Suttorp MJ, et al. Interventions for the prevention of falls in older adults: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials. BMJ. 2004;328(7441):680
  47. Gillespie LD, Robertson MC, Gillespie WJ, Lamb SE, Gates S, Cumming RG, et al. Interventions for preventing falls in older people living in the community. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009 Apr 15;(2):CD007146
  48. Parker MJ, Gillespie LD, Gillespie WJ. Hip protectors for preventing hip fractures in the elderly. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000;(4):CD001255. Review. Update in: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001;(2):CD001255
  49. Riggs BL, Parfitt AM. Drugs used to treat osteoporosis: the critical need for a uniform nomenclature based on their action on bone remodeling. J Bone Miner Res. 2005;20:177–184
  50. Delmas PD, et al. Severity of prevalent vertebral fractures and the risk of subsequent vertebral and nonvertebral fractures: results from the MORE trial. Bone. 2003;33:522–532
  51. Delmas PD, et al. Daily and intermittent oral ibandronate normalize bone turnover and provide significant reduction in vertebral fracture risk: results from the BONE study. Osteoporos Int. 2004;15:792–798
  52. Harrington JT, Ste-Marie LG, Brandi ML, Civitelli R, Fardellone P, Grauer A, et al. Risedronate rapidly reduces the risk for nonvertebral fractures in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis. Calcif Tissue Int. 2004;74(2):129–135
  53. Seeman E, et al. Strontium ranelate reduces the risk of vertebral and nonvertebral fractures in women eighty years of age and older. J Bone Miner Res. 2006;21:1113–1120
  54. Hochberg MC, et al. Effect of alendronate on the age-specific incidence of symptomatic osteoporotic fractures. J Bone Miner Res. 2005;20:971–976
  55. Boonen S, et al. Safety and efficacy of risedronate in reducing fracture risk in osteoporotic women aged 80 and older: implications for the use of antiresorptive agents in the old and oldest old. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2004;52:1832–1839
  56. Marcus R, et al. The skeletal response to teriparatide is largely independent of age, initial bone mineral density, and prevalent vertebral fractures in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Res. 2003;18:18–23
  57. Lyles KW, et al. the HORIZON Recurrent Fracture Trial. Zoledronic Acid and Clinical Fractures and Mortality after Hip Fracture. N Engl J Med. 2007;357:1799–1809
  58. McClung MR, Lewiecki EM, Cohen SB, Bolognese MA, Woodson GC, Moffett AH, et al. Denosumab in postmenopausal women with low bone mineral density. N Engl J Med. 2006;354(8):821–831
  59. Lewiecki EM, Miller PD, McClung MR, Cohen SB, Bolognese MA, Liu Y, et al. Two-year treatment with denosumab (AMG 162) in a randomized phase 2 study of postmenopausal women with low BMD. J Bone Miner Res. 2007;22(12):1832–1841Dmab pg
  60. Miller PD, Bolognese MA, Lewiecki EM, McClung MR, Ding B, Austin M, et al. Effect of denosumab on bone density and turnover in postmenopausal women with low bone mass after long-term continued, discontinued, and restarting of therapy: a randomized blinded phase 2 clinical trial. Bone. 2008;43(2):222–229
  61. Cummings S, San Martin J, McClung M, Siris E, Eastell R, Reid IR, et al. FREEDOM Trial: Denosumab for prevention of fractures in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. N Engl J Med. 2009;361:756–765
  62. Russell RG. Bisphosphonates: from bench to bedside. Ann NY Acad Sci. 2006;1068:367–401
  63. Greenspan SL, et al. Combination therapy with hormone replacement and alendronate for prevention of bone loss in elderly women: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2003;289:2525–2533
  64. Black DM, et al. The effects of parathyroid hormone and alendronate alone or in combination in postmenopausal osteoporosis. N Engl J Med. 2003;349:1207–1215
  65. Finkelstein JS, et al. The effects of parathyroid hormone, alendronate, or both in men with osteoporosis. N Engl J Med. 2003;349:1216–1226
  66. Cosman F, et al. Daily and cyclic parathyroid hormone in women receiving alendronate. N Engl J Med. 2005;353:566–575
  67. Black DM, et al. One year of alendronate after one year of parathyroid hormone (1–84) for osteoporosis. N Engl J Med. 2005;353:555–565
  68. Rubin MR, Bilezikian JP. Parathyroid hormone as an anabolic skeletal therapy. Drugs. 2005;65:2481–2498
  69. Warriner AH, Curtis JR. Adherence to osteoporosis treatments: room for improvement. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2009 Apr 30;[Epub ahead of print]
  70. Siris ES, et al. Adherence to bisphosphonate therapy and fracture rates in osteoporotic women: relationship to vertebral and nonvertebral fractures from 2 US claims databases. Mayo Clin Proc. 2006;81:1013–1022
  71. Siris ES, Selby PL, Saag KG, Borgström F, Herings RM, Silverman SL. Impact of osteoporosis treatment adherence on fracture rates in North America and Europe. Am J Med. 2009 Feb;122(2 Suppl):S3–13
  72. Bliuc D, et al. Barriers to effective management of osteoporosis in moderate and minimal trauma fractures: a prospective study. Osteoporos Int. 2005;16:977–982
  73. Penning-van Beest FJ, Erkens JA, Olson M, Herings RM. Determinants of non-compliance with bisphosphonates in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis. Curr Med Res Opin. 2008 May;24(5):1337–1344
  74. Martino S, et al. Continuing outcomes relevant to Evista: breast cancer incidence in postmenopausal osteoporotic women in a randomized trial of raloxifene. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2004;96:1751–1761
  75. Writing Group for the Women's Health Initiative Investigators . Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women, principle results from the women's health initiative randomized controlled trial. J Am Med Assoc. 2002;288:321–333
  76. Epstein S, et al. Disintegration and esophageal irritation profiles of alendronate formulations: implications for clinical safety and efficacy. J Applied Res. 2005;2:1–13
  77. Ringe JD, Möller G. Differences in persistence, safety and efficacy of generic and original branded once weekly bisphosphonates in patients with postmenopausal osteoporosis: 1-year results of a retrospective patient chart review analysis. Rheumatol Int. 2009 May 9;[Epub ahead of print]
  78. Available at: www.jbmronline.org/doi/full/10.1359/jbmr.060712
  79. Odvina CV, et al. Severely suppressed bone turnover: a potential complication of alendronate therapy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005;90:1294–1301
  80. Chapurlat RD, et al. Microcrack frequency and bone remodeling in postmenopausal osteoporotic women on long-term bisphosphonates: a bone biopsy study. J Bone Miner Res. 2007;22:1502–1509
  81. Berenson JR. Recommendations for zoledronic acid treatment of patients with bone metastases. Oncologist. 2005;10:52–62
  82. Cummings SR, et al. Alendronate and atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2007;356:1895–1896
  83. Karam R, et al. Letter. N Eng J Med. 2007;357:712–713
  84. Available at: www.emea.europa.eu./humandocs/PDFs/EPAR/protelos/PressRelease_Protelos_41745807en.pdfLast accessed on 29 December, 2007
  85. Vahle JL, et al. Bone neoplasms in F344 rats given teriparatide [rhPTH(1–34)] are dependent on duration of treatment and dose. Toxicol Pathol. 2004;32:426–438
  86. Miller PD, Delmas PD, Lindsay R, Watts NB, Luckey M, Adachi J, et al. Open-label study to determine how prior therapy with alendronate or risedronate in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis influences the clinical effectiveness of teriparatide investigators. Early responsiveness of women with osteoporosis to teriparatide after therapy with alendronate or risedronate. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;93(10):3785–3793
  87. Díez-Pérez A, González-Macías J. Inadequate responders to osteoporosis treatment: proposal for an operational definition. Osteoporos Int. 2008;19(11):1511–1516
  88. Lewiecki EM, Watts NB. Assessing response to osteoporosis therapy. Osteoporos Int. 2008;19(10):1363–1368
  89. Geusens P. Bisphosphonates for postmenopausal osteoporosis: determining duration of treatment. Curr Osteoporos Rep. 2009;7(1):12–17

PII: S1521-6942(09)00094-1

doi: 10.1016/j.berh.2009.09.001

Best Practice & Research Clinical Rheumatology
Volume 23, Issue 6 , Pages 727-740 , December 2009