Best Practice & Research Clinical Rheumatology
Volume 23, Issue 6 , Pages 797-804 , December 2009

Fall risk: the clinical relevance of falls and how to integrate fall risk with fracture risk

  • G. Peeters, MSc (Postdoc researcher, Epidemiologist)

      Affiliations

    • Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, EMGO Institute for health and care research, VU University Medical Center, van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
    • Tel.: +31 204449336; Fax: +31 204446775.
  • ,
  • Natasja M. van Schoor, PhD (Postdoc researcher, Epidemiologist)

      Affiliations

    • Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, EMGO Institute for health and care research, VU University Medical Center, van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
    • Tel.: +31 204448439; Fax: +31 204446775.
  • ,
  • Paul Lips, PhD, MD (Professor of endocrinology)

      Affiliations

    • Department of Internal Medicine, Section Endocrinology, VU University Medical Center, Postbus 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Tel.: +31 204440614; Fax: +31 204440502.

References 

  1. Tinetti ME, Speechley M, Ginter SF. Risk factors for falls among elderly persons living in the community. N Engl J Med. 1988 Dec 29;319(26):1701–1707
  2. Tromp AM, Smit JH, Deeg DJ, et al. Predictors for falls and fractures in the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam. J Bone Miner Res. 1998 Dec;13(12):1932–1939
  3. Jorstad EC, Hauer K, Becker C, Lamb SE. Measuring the psychological outcomes of falling: a systematic review. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2005 Mar;53(3):501–510
  4. Stel VS, Smit JH, Pluijm SM, Lips P. Consequences of falling in older men and women and risk factors for health service use and functional decline. Age Ageing. 2004 Jan;33(1):58–65
  5. Tinetti ME, Williams CS. The effect of falls and fall injuries on functioning in community-dwelling older persons. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 1998 Mar;53(2):M112–M119
  6. Dunn JE, Rudberg MA, Furner SE, Cassel CK. Mortality, disability, and falls in older persons: the role of underlying disease and disability. Am J Public Health. 1992 Mar;82(3):395–400
  7. Zijlstra GA, van Haastregt JC, van Eijk JT, et al. Prevalence and correlates of fear of falling, and associated avoidance of activity in the general population of community-living older people. Age Ageing. 2007 May;36(3):304–309
  8. Parkkari J, Kannus P, Palvanen M, et al. Majority of hip fractures occur as a result of a fall and impact on the greater trochanter of the femur: a prospective controlled hip fracture study with 206 consecutive patients. Calcif Tissue Int. 1999 Sep;65(3):183–187
  9. Youm T, Koval KJ, Kummer FJ, Zuckerman JD. Do all hip fractures result from a fall?. Am J Orthop. 1999 Mar;28(3):190–194
  10. Schwartz AV, Nevitt MC, Brown BW, Kelsey JL. Increased falling as a risk factor for fracture among older women: the study of osteoporotic fractures. Am J Epidemiol. 2005 Jan 15;161(2):180–185
  11. Consument en Veiligheid. Letsel informatie systeem, 1998–2001.
  12. Osei W, Rasali D, Hawkey J, McCrae S, Johnson S. Cost Implications of Falls Injury Hospitalizations in Older Residents in Saskatchewan, Canada. Annals of Epidemiology. 2007;17(9):739–739
  13. De Laet CE, van Hout BA, Burger H, et al. Incremental cost of medical care after hip fracture and first vertebral fracture: the Rotterdam study. Osteoporos Int. 1999;10(1):66–72
  14. Kanis JA, Johnell O. Requirements for DXA for the management of osteoporosis in Europe. Osteoporos Int. 2005 Mar;16(3):229–238
  15. The prevention of falls in later life. A report of the Kellogg International Work Group on the prevention of falls by the elderly. Dan Med Bull. 1987 Apr;34(Suppl. 4):1–24
  16. Stel VS, Pluijm SM, Deeg DJ, et al. A classification tree for predicting recurrent falling in community-dwelling older persons. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2003 Oct;51(10):1356–1364
  17. Seeley DG, Browner WS, Nevitt MC, et al. Which fractures are associated with low appendicular bone mass in elderly women? The Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group. Ann Intern Med. 1991 Dec 1;115(11):837–842
  18. Tromp AM, Pluijm SM, Smit JH, et al. Fall-risk screening test: a prospective study on predictors for falls in community-dwelling elderly. J Clin Epidemiol. 2001 Aug;54(8):837–844
  19. Kanis JA. Assessment of osteoporosis at the primary health care level: report of a WHO Scientific Group. UK: University of Sheffield Medical School; 2007;World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Metabolic Bone Diseases
  20. Hayes CW, Myers ER. Biomechanics of fractures. In:  Riggs BL,  Melton LJ editor. Osteoporosis: etiology, diagnosis, and management. 2nd edn.. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven Publishers; 1995;p. 93–114
  21. Espallargues M, Sampietro-Colom L, Estrada MD, et al. Identifying bone-mass-related risk factors for fracture to guide bone densitometry measurements: a systematic review of the literature. Osteoporos Int. 2001;12(10):811–822
  22. Russell MA, Hill KD, Day LM, et al. Development of the Falls Risk for Older People in the Community (FROP-Com) screening tool. Age Ageing. 2009 Jan;38(1):40–46
  23. Russell MA, Hill KD, Blackberry I, et al. The reliability and predictive accuracy of the falls risk for older people in the community assessment (FROP-Com) tool. Age Ageing. 2008 Nov;37(6):634–639
  24. Lord SR, Menz HB, Tiedemann A. A physiological profile approach to falls risk assessment and prevention. Phys Ther. 2003 Mar;83(3):237–252
  25. Stalenhoef PA, Diederiks JP, Knottnerus JA, et al. The construction of a patient record-based risk model for recurrent falls among elderly people living in the community. Fam Pract. 2000 Dec;17(6):490–496
  26. Peeters GM. Prevention of falling in older persons with a high risk of recurrent falling. EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center; 2009;
  27. Borgstrom F, Strom O, Coelho J, et al. The cost-effectiveness of risedronate in the UK for the management of osteoporosis using the FRAX(R). Osteoporos Int. 2009 Jun 30;PMID 19565175
  28. Borgstrom F, Strom O, Coelho J, et al. The cost-effectiveness of strontium ranelate in the UK for the management of osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int. 2009 Jun 10;PMID 19513577
  29. Luukinen H, Koski K, Laippala P, Kivela SL. Factors predicting fractures during falling impacts among home-dwelling older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1997 Nov;45(11):1302–1309
  30. Luukinen H, Herala M, Koski K, et al. Fracture risk associated with a fall according to type of fall among the elderly. Osteoporos Int. 2000;11(7):631–634

PII: S1521-6942(09)00097-7

doi: 10.1016/j.berh.2009.09.004

Best Practice & Research Clinical Rheumatology
Volume 23, Issue 6 , Pages 797-804 , December 2009