Best Practice & Research Clinical Rheumatology
Volume 23, Issue 6 , Pages 781-788 , December 2009

Monitoring osteoporosis treatment

  • Juliet Compston, FRCPath, FRCP, FMedSci (Professor of Bone Medicine and Honorary Consultant Physician)

      Affiliations

    • University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
    • Department of Medicine, Box 157, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals, NHS Foundation Trust, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
    • Corresponding Author InformationTel.: +44 1223 336867; Fax: +44 1223 336846.

References 

  1. Black D, Cummings S, Karpf D, et al. Randomised trial of effect of alendronate on risk of fracture in women with existing fracture. Lancet. 1996;348:1535–1541
  2. Harris ST, Watts NB, Genant HK, et al. Effects of risedronate treatment on vertebral and nonvertebral fractures in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis. A randomised controlled trial. JAMA. 1999;282:1344–1352
  3. Reginster J, Minne HW, Sorensen OH, et al. Randomised trial of the effects of risedronate on vertebral fractures in women with established postmenopausal osteoporosis. Vertebral Efficacy with Risedronate Therapy (VERT) Study Group. Osteoporos Int. 2000;11:83–91
  4. Ettinger B, Black DM, Mitlak BH, et al. Reduction of vertebral fracture risk in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis treated with raloxifene: results from a 3-year randomised clinical trial. Multiple Outcomes of Raloxifene Evaluation (MORE) Investigators. JAMA. 1999;282:637–645
  5. Chesnut CH, Skag A, Christiansen C, et al. Effects of oral ibandronate administered daily or intermittently on fracture risk in postmenopausal osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Res. 2004;19:1241–1249
  6. Meunier PJ, Roux C, Seeman E, et al. The effects of strontium ranelate on the risk of vertebral fracture in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis. N Engl J Med. 2004;350:459–468
  7. Reginster JY, Seeman E, de Vernejoul MC, et al. Strontium ranelate reduces the risk of nonvertebral fractures in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis: Treatment of Peripheral Osteoporosis (TROPOS) study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005;90:2816–2822
  8. Neer RM, Arnaud CD, Zanchetta JR, et al. Effect of parathyroid hormone (1–34) on fractures and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. N Engl J Med. 2001;344:1434–1441
  9. Greenspan SL, Bone HG, Ettinger MP, et al. Effect of recombinant human parathyroid hormone (1–84) on vertebral fracture and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. Ann Intern Med. 2007;146:326–339
  10. Black DM, Delmas PD, Eastell R, et al. Once yearly zoledronic acid for treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. N Engl J Med. 2007;356:1809–1822
  11. International Society for Clinical Densitometry (ISCD) . Official positions. Available at: www.iscd.org2007;
  12. National Osteoporosis Foundation (NOF) . New clinicians guide to prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. Available at: www.nof.org2008;
  13. AACE Osteoporosis Task Force . American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists medical guidelines for clinical practice for the prevention and treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis: 2001 edition, with selected updates for 2003. Endocr Pract. 2003;9:544–564
  14. NIH Consensus Development Panel on Osteoporosis Prevention Diagnosis and Therapy . Osteoporosis prevention, diagnosis, and therapy. JAMA. 2001;285:785–795
  15. Brown JP, Josse RG, Scientific Advisory Council of the Osteoporosis Society of Canada . 2002 Clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of osteoporosis in Canada. Can Med Assoc J. 2002;167(10 Suppl):S1–S34
  16. Compston J, Cooper A, Cooper C, National Osteoporosis Guideline Group . Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women and men from the age of 50 years in the UK. Maturitas. 2009;62:105–108
  17. Glüer CC, Blake G, Lu Y, et al. Accurate assessment of precision errors: how to measure the reproducibility of bone densitometry techniques. Osteoporos Int. 1995;5:262–270
  18. Glüer CC. Monitoring skeletal changes by radiological techniques. J Bone Miner Res. 1999;14:1952–1962
  19. Bonnick SL, Johnston CC, Kleerekoper M, et al. Importance of precision in bone density measurements. J Clin Densitom. 2001;4:105–110
  20. Leslie WD. Factors affecting short-term bone density precision assessment and the effect on patient monitoring. J Bone Miner Res. 2008;23:199–204
  21. Bell KJ, Hayen A, Macaskill P, et al. Is routine monitoring of bone mineral density warranted after initiating bisphosphonate treatment?. Br Med J. 2009;26:136–142
  22. Lindsay R, Pack S, Li Z. Longitudinal progression of fracture prevalence through a population of postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int. 2005;16:306–312
  23. Marshall D, Johnell O, Wedel H. Meta-analysis of how well measures of bone mineral density predict occurrence of osteoporotic fractures. Br Med J. 1996;312:1254–1259
  24. Delmas PD, Seeman E. Changes in bone mineral density explain little of the reduction in vertebral or non-vertebral fracture risk with anti-resorptive therapy. Bone. 2004;34:599–604
  25. Delmas PD, Li Z, Cooper C. Relationship between changes in bone mineral density and fracture risk reduction with anti-resorptive drugs: some issues with meta-analyses. J Bone Miner Res. 2004;19:33–37
  26. Cummings SR, Karpf DB, Harris F, et al. Improvement in spine bone density and reduction in risk of vertebral fractures during treatment with antiresorptive drugs. Am J Med. 2002;112:281–289
  27. Sarkar S, Mitlak BH, Wong M, et al. Relationships between bone mineral density and incident vertebral fracture risk with raloxifene therapy. J Bone Miner Res. 2002;17:1–10
  28. Watts NB, Geusens P, Barton IP, Felsenberg D. Relationship between changes in BMD and nonvertebral fracture incidence associated with risedronate: reduction in risk of nonvertebral fracture is not related to change in BMD. J Bone Miner Res. 2005;20:2097–2104
  29. Chapurlat RD, Palermo L, Ramsay P, Cummings SR. Risk of fracture among women who lose bone density during treatment with alendronate. The Fracture Intervention Trial. Osteoporos Int. 2005;16:842–848
  30. McClung MR, Geusens P, Miller PD, Hip Intervention Program Study Group . Effect of risedronate on the risk of hip fracture in elderly women. Hip Intervention Program Study Group. N Engl J Med. 2001;344:333–340
  31. Cramer JA, Amonkar MM, Hebborn A, Altman R. Compliance and persistence with bisphosphonate dosing regimens among women with postmenopausal osteoporosis. Curr Med Res Opin. 2005;21:1453–1460
  32. Compston JE, Seeman E. Compliance with osteoporosis therapy is the weakest link. Lancet. 2006;368:973–974
  33. Seeman E, Compston J, Adachi J, et al. Non-compliance: the Achilles' heel of anti-fracture efficacy. Osteoporos Int. 2007;18:711–719
  34. Huybrechts KF, Ishak KJ, Caro JJ. Assessment of compliance with osteoporosis treatment and its consequences in a managed care population. Bone. 2006;38:922–928
  35. Siris ES, Harris ST, Rosen CJ, et al. Adherence to bisphosphonate therapy and fracture rates in osteoporotic women: relationship to vertebral and non-vertebral fractures from 2 US claims databases. Mayo Clin Proc. 2006;81:1013–1022
  36. Liberman UA, Weiss SR, Broll J, et al. Effect of oral alendronate on bone mineral density and the incidence of fractures in postmenopausal osteoporosis. The alendronate phase III osteoporosis treatment study group. N Engl J Med. 1995;333:1437–1443
  37. Delmas PD, Bjarnason NH, Mitlak BH, et al. Effects of raloxifene on bone mineral density, serum cholesterol concentrations, and uterine endometrium in postmenopausal women. N Engl J Med. 1997;337:1641–1647
  38. Christiansen C, Tanko LB, Warming L, et al. Dose-dependent effects on bone resorption and formation of intermittently administered ibandronate. Osteoporos Int. 2003;14:609–613
  39. Miller PD, Bolognese MA, Lewiecki EM, et al. Effect of denosumab on bone density and turnover in postmenopausal women with low bone mass after long-term continued, discontinued, and restarting of therapy: a randomized blinded phase 2 clinical trial. Bone. 2008;43:222–229
  40. Dobnig H, Sipos A, Jiang Y, et al. Early changes in biochemical markers of bone formation correlate with improvements in bone structure during teriparatide therapy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005;90:3970–3977
  41. Reginster JY, Deroisy R, Dougados M, et al. Prevention of early postmenopausal bone loss by strontium ranelate: the randomised, two-year, double-masked, dose-ranging, placebo-controlled PREVOS study. Osteoporos Int. 2002;13:925–931
  42. Seibel MJ. Biochemical markers of bone turnover: part I: biochemistry and variability. Clin Biochem Rev. 2005;26:97–122
  43. Szulc P, Delmas PD. Biochemical markers of bone turnover: potential use in the investigation and management of osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int. 2008;19:1683–1704
  44. Bollen AM, Martin MD, Leroux BG, Eyre DR. Circadian variation in urinary excretion of bone collagen cross-links. J Bone Miner Res. 1995;22:1885–1890
  45. Aoshima H, Kushida K, Takahashi M, et al. Circadian variation of urinary type 1 collagen cross-linked C-telopeptide and free and peptide-bound forms of pyridinium crosslinks. Bone. 1998;22:73–78
  46. Schlemmer A, Hassager C. Acute fasting diminishes the circadian rhythm of biochemical markers of bone resorption. Eur J Endocrinol. 1999;140:332–337
  47. Clowes JA, Hannon RA, Yap TS, et al. Effect of feeding on bone turnover markers and its impact on biological variability of measurements. Bone. 2002;30:886–890
  48. Stoffel K, Engler H, Kuster M, Riesen W. Changes in biochemical markers after lower limb fractures. Clin Chem. 2007;53:131–134
  49. Obrant KJ, Ivaska KK, Gerdhem P, et al. Biochemical markers of bone turnover are influenced by recently sustained fracture. Bone. 2005;36:786–792
  50. Bauer DC, Black DM, Garnero P, Fracture Intervention Trial Study Group . Change in bone turnover and hip, non-spine and vertebral fracture in alendronate-treated women: the fracture intervention trial. J Bone Miner Res. 2004;19:1250–1258
  51. Eastell R, Barton I, Hannon RA, et al. Relationship of early changes in bone resorption to the reduction in fracture risk with risedronate. J Bone Miner Res. 2003;18:1051–1056
  52. Eastell R, Hannon RA, Garnero P, et al. Relationship of early changes in bone resorption to the reduction in fracture risk with risedronate: review of statistical analysis. J Bone Miner Res. 2007;22:1656–1660
  53. Reginster JY, Sarkar S, Zegels B, et al. Reduction in P1NP, a marker of bone metabolism, with raloxifene treatment and its relationship with vertebral fracture risk. Bone. 2004;34:344–351
  54. Bjarnasson NH, Sarkar S, Duong T, et al. Six and twelve month changes in bone turnover are related to reduction in vertebral fracture risk during 3 years of raloxifene treatment in postmenopausal osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int. 2001;12:922–930
  55. Clowes JA, Peel NFA, Eastell R. The impact of monitoring on adherence and persistence with antiresorptive treatment for postmenopausal osteoporosis: a randomized controlled trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;89:1117–1123
  56. Delmas PD, Vrijens B, Eastell R, Improving Measurements of Persistence on Actonel Treatment (IMPACT) Investigators . Effect of monitoring bone turnover markers on persistence with risedronate treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007;92:1296–1304

PII: S1521-6942(09)00100-4

doi: 10.1016/j.berh.2009.09.007

Best Practice & Research Clinical Rheumatology
Volume 23, Issue 6 , Pages 781-788 , December 2009

Article Tools